Search Results (16,581)

White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are a cervid species native to the Americas with ecological, social, and economic significance. Managers must consider several factors when working to maintain the health and sustainability of these wild herds, including reproduction, particularly pregnancy and recruitment rates. White-tailed deer have a variable reproductive capacity, with age, health, and habitat influencing this variability. However, it is unknown whether chronic wasting disease (CWD) impacts reproduction and, more specifically, if CWD infection alters a female deer’s probability of pregnancy. Our study addressed this question using data from 9783 female deer culled in northern Illinois between 2003 and 2023 as part of the Illinois Department of Natural Resources’ ongoing CWD management program. Multilevel Bayesian logistic regression was employed to quantify the relationship between pregnancy probability and covariates like maternal age, deer population density, and date of culling. Maternal infection with CWD was found to have no significant effect on pregnancy probability, raising concerns that the equal ability of infected and non-infected females to reproduce could make breeding, which inherently involves close physical contact, an important source of disease transmission between males and females and females and their fawns. The results also identified that female fawns (<1 year old) are sensitive to county-level deer land cover utility (LCU) and deer population density, and that there was no significant difference in how yearlings (1–2 years old) and adult (2+ years old) responded to these variables. Full article

Petroglyph motifs from 23 sites and 37 panels in northern Georgia and western North Carolina foothills and mountains are analyzed within their archaeological, ethnographic, and landscape contexts. The Track Rock Tradition comprises 10 chronologically sequenced marking categories: (1) Cupules/Meanders/Open Circles; (2) Soapstone Extraction cars; (3) Vulva Shapes; (4) Figures; (5) Feet/Hands/Tracks; (6) Nested Circles; (7) Cross-in-Circles; (8) Spirals; (9) Straight Lines; and (10) Thin Incised Lines. Dating spans approximately 3800 years. Early cupules and meanders predate 3000 years ago, truncated by Late Archaic soapstone extraction. Woodland period (3000–1050 years ago) motifs include vulva shapes, figures, feet, tracks, and hands. Early Mississippian concentric circles date to 1050–600 years ago, while Middle Mississippian cross-in-circles span 600–350 years ago. Late Mississippian spirals (350–200 years ago) and post-contact metal tool incisions represent the most recent phases. The Track Rock Tradition differs from western Trapp and eastern Hagood Mill traditions. Given the spatial overlap with Iroquoian-speaking Cherokee territory, motifs are interpreted through Cherokee beliefs, supplemented by related Muskogean Creek ethnography. In Cherokee cosmology, the matrilocal Thunderers hierarchy includes the Female Sun/Male Moon, Selu (Corn Mother)/Kanati (Lucky Hunter), Medicine Woman/Judaculla (Master of Game), and Little People families. Ritual practitioners served as intermediaries between physical and spirit realms through purification, fasting, body scratching, and rock pecking. Meanders represent trails, rivers, and lightning. Cupules and lines emphasize the turtle appearance of certain rocks. Vulva shapes relate to fertility, while tracks connect to life-giving abilities. Concentric circles denote townhouses; cross-in-circles and spirals represent central fires. The tradition shows continuity in core beliefs despite shifting emphases from hunting (Woodland) to corn cultivation (Mississippian), with petroglyphs serving as necessary waypoints for spiritual supplicants. Full article

Alagille syndrome (ALGS) is a multisystem disorder characterized by a paucity of intrahepatic bile ducts and cholestasis, often requiring liver transplantation before adulthood. Due to the lack of genotype–phenotype correlation, case series are essential to understand disease presentation and prognosis. Data on Mexican ALGS patients are limited. Therefore, we aimed to characterize a large series of Mexican patients by consolidating cases from major institutions and independent geneticists, with the goal of generating one of the most comprehensive cohorts in Latin America. We retrospectively analyzed clinical records of pediatric ALGS patients, focusing on demographics, clinical features, laboratory and imaging results, biopsy findings, and transplant status. Genetic testing was performed for all cases without prior molecular confirmation. We identified 52 ALGS cases over 13 years; 22 had available clinical records. Of these, only 6 had molecular confirmation at study onset, prompting genetic testing in the remaining 16. We identified six novel JAG1 variants and several previously unreported phenotypic features. A liver transplantation rate of 13% was observed in the cohort. This study represents the largest molecularly confirmed ALGS cohort in Mexico to date. Novel genetic and clinical findings expand the known spectrum of ALGS and emphasize the need for improved therapies, such as IBAT inhibitors, which may alleviate symptoms and reduce the need for transplantation. Full article

Sloman and Rabb found support for the existence of the community of knowledge (CK) effect, which occurs when individuals are more likely to report understanding and being able to explain even fake scientific information when told that an expert understands the information. To date, no studies have been conducted that attempted to replicate original findings, let alone test the presence of the CK effect in realistic, legal scenarios. Therefore, Study One replicated original CK effect studies in a jury-eligible M-Turk sample (N = 291) using both Sloman and Rabb’s experimental stimuli as well as new stimuli. Study Two then tested the presence of the CK effect using scientific testimony in a mock court hearing from a forensic evaluator (N = 396). Not only did the CK effect improve laypeople’s perceptions of the scientific information in court, but it also improved their perceptions of the expert witness’s credibility, increased the weight assigned to the scientific information, and increased the weight assigned to the expert testimony. This effect was mediated by participants’ perceived similarity to the expert, supporting the theory behind the CK effect. These studies have important implications for the use of scientific information in court, which are discussed. Full article

Fusarium diseases are among the most dangerous fungal diseases of plants. To date, there are no plant protectants that completely prevent fusariosis. Current breeding trends are therefore focused on increasing genetic resistance. While global modern maize breeding relies on various molecular genetics techniques, they are useless without a precise characterization of genomic regions that determine plant physiological responses to fungi. The aim of this study was thus to characterize the expression of candidate genes that were previously reported by our team as harboring markers linked to fusarium resistance in maize. The plant material included one susceptible and four resistant varieties. Biotic stress was induced in adult plants by inoculation with fungal spores under controlled conditions. qRT-PCR was performed. The analysis focused on four genes that encode for GDSL esterase/lipase (LOC100273960), putrescine hydroxycinnamyltransferase (LOC103649226), peroxidase 72 (LOC100282124), and uncharacterized protein (LOC100501166). Their expression showed differences between analyzed time points and varieties, peaking at 6 hpi. The resistant varieties consistently showed higher levels of expression compared to the susceptible variety, indicating their stronger defense responses. Moreover, to better understand the function of these genes, their expression in various organs and tissues was also evaluated using publicly available transcriptomic data. Our results are consistent with literature reports that clearly indicate the involvement of these genes in the resistance response to fusarium. Thus, they further emphasize the high usefulness of the previously selected markers in breeding programs to select fusarium-resistant maize genotypes. Full article

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading causes of irreversible vision loss among the elderly, and is influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental risk factors. While genetic associations in AMD are well-established, the molecular mechanisms underlying disease onset and progression remain poorly understood. A growing body of evidence suggests that epigenetic modifications may serve as a potential missing link regulating gene–environment interactions. This review incorporates recent findings on DNA methylation, including both hypermethylation and hypomethylation patterns affecting genes such as silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1), glutathione S-transferase isoform (GSTM), and SKI proto-oncogene (SKI), which may influence key pathophysiological drivers of AMD. We also examine histone modification patterns, chromatin accessibility, the status of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in AMD pathogenesis and in regulating pathways pertinent to the pathophysiology of the disease. While the field of ocular epigenetics remains in its infancy, accumulating evidence to date points to a burgeoning role for epigenetic regulation in AMD, pre-clinical studies have yielded promising findings for the prospect of epigenetics as a future therapeutic avenue. Full article

Persistent reactive azo dyes released from textile finishing are a serious threat to water systems, but effective methods using sunlight to break them down are still limited. Everzol Yellow 3RS (EY-3RS) is particularly recalcitrant: past studies have relied almost exclusively on physical adsorption onto natural or modified clays and zeolites, and no photocatalytic pathway employing engineered nanomaterials has been documented to date. This study reports the synthesis, characterization, and performance of a visible-active ternary nanocomposite, Cu₄O₃/ZrO₂/TiO₂, prepared hydrothermally alongside its binary (Cu₄O₃/ZrO₂) and rutile TiO₂ counterparts. XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDX, UV-Vis, and PL analyses confirm a heterostructured architecture with a narrowed optical bandgap of 2.91 eV, efficient charge separation, and a mesoporous nanosphere-in-matrix morphology. Photocatalytic tests conducted under midsummer sunlight reveal that the ternary catalyst removes 91.41% of 40 ppm EY-3RS within 100 min, markedly surpassing the binary catalyst (86.65%) and TiO₂ (81.48%). Activity trends persist across a wide range of operational variables, including dye concentrations (20–100 ppm), catalyst dosages (10–40 mg), pH levels (3–11), and irradiation times (up to 100 min). The material retains ≈ 93% of its initial efficiency after four consecutive cycles, evidencing good reusability. This work introduces the first nanophotocatalytic strategy for EY-3RS degradation and underscores the promise of multi-oxide heterojunctions for solar-driven remediation of colored effluents. Full article

The intersection of religion and education in the United States dates to colonial times, as do attempts by religious institutions and individuals to regulate educational content. After a prominent retreat by religious fundamentalists following the Scopes Monkey Trial, conservative Christians have once again entered political debates about educational content in the form of modern culture wars issues. Both conservatives and liberals have attempted to punish educators for political comments made in class, but the influence of religion on individual attitudes has yet to be examined. In this article, we use an original survey experiment to examine individuals’ propensity to punish a professor who makes politically charged comments in class. We also assess whether religious individuals are more likely to punish professors for comments disparaging conservatives or liberals. We find that high-attending religious individuals, including both Evangelicals and Catholics, are more likely to support punishing the professor. However, we find that the propensity to punish is not related to the target of the professor’s comments. These findings suggest a resurgence of religious interest in education as a cultural issue at the individual, and not just institutional, level and a coalition between Evangelicals and Catholics on this issue. Full article

Sewage sludge (SS) is commonly applied as a soil amendment. This practice has raised concern about the dissemination of emerging pollutants (EPs). EPs include compounds such as flame retardants, plasticizers, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products, among others, which may pose risks to human health and ecosystems. The complexity of the SS matrix, combined to the absence of an international legislation framework, makes it necessary to evaluate the techniques available for detecting these contaminants. Detection is typically performed using sensitive analytical techniques; however, the extraction strategy selected remains a crucial step. This review aims to compile different methodologies for the determination of EPs in SS, focusing on extraction strategies reported between 2010 and 2025. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) are the most widely used strategies for EPs. UAE is considered the most preferable option, as it enables the extraction of a wide range of compounds without the need for expensive equipment. Among novel techniques, the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method is especially promising, as it is applicable to multiple target compounds. This review provides up-to-date information that can support the development of routine and standardized methodologies for the characterization of EPs in SS. Full article

Helminth parasites of wild animals represent a major threat to the health of these animals, leading to significant losses in performance, health, and zoonotic implications. In some zoos, anthelmintics have traditionally been used to control these parasites, many of which are also zoonotic. Other actions, such as the removal of organic waste, have also been adopted. Few or no control measures are applied to free-ranging wild animals. Helminthophagous fungi are a promising biological alternative. When animals ingest fungal spores, they are excreted in their feces, where they trap and destroy helminth larvae and eggs, preventing and reducing the parasite load in the environment. Another alternative is to administer fungi by spraying them directly into the environment. This review aims to examine the use of helminthophagous fungi in the control of helminthiases in wild animals, highlighting their potential to minimize dependence on chemical treatments and promote sustainable animal breeding and production. There are many challenges to making this viable, such as environmental variability, stability of formulations, and acceptance of this new technology. These fungi have been shown to reduce parasite burdens in wild animals by up to 75% and can be administered through the animals’ feeding troughs. To date, evidence shows that helminthophagous fungi can reliably curb environmental parasite loads for extended periods, offering a sustainable alternative to repeated anthelmintic dosing. Their use has been linked to tangible gains in body condition, weight, and overall welfare in various captive and free-ranging wildlife species. Full article

Fumonisins, primarily produced by Fusarium spp. and Aspergillus section nigri, are common contaminants in maize, cereal grains, and other processed and derived products, representing a significant risk to food safety and public health. This study presents the development and optimisation of a high-performance liquid chromatography method with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) for the quantification of fumonisin B1 (FB1) and B2 (FB2) in various food matrices. In contrast with conventional protocols employing potassium phosphate buffers as the mobile phase, the proposed method utilises formic acid, offering enhanced compatibility with liquid chromatography systems. An automated online precolumn derivatisation with o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) was optimised through experimental design and response surface methodology, enabling baseline separation of FB1 and FB2 derivatives in less than 20 min. The method demonstrated high sensitivity, with limits of detection of 0.006 µg mL⁻¹ for FB1 and 0.012 µg mL⁻¹ for FB2, and excellent repeatability (intraday RSD values of 0.85% and 0.83%, respectively). Several solid-phase extraction (SPE) strategies were evaluated to enhance sample clean-up using a variety of food samples, including dried figs, raisins, dates, corn, cornmeal, wheat flour, and rice. FumoniStar Inmunoaffinity columns were the only clean-up method that provided optimal recoveries (70–120%) across all tested food matrices. However, the MultiSep™ 211 column yielded good recoveries for both fumonisins in dried figs and raisins. Additionally, the C18 cartridge achieved acceptable recoveries for both fumonisins in dried figs and wheat flour. Full article

Background and Objectives: Discrimination between various causes of exudative pleural effusion (PE) remains a major clinical challenge, and to date, definitive biochemical markers for this discrimination remain lacking. An increasing number of studies have reported that serum C-reactive protein (CRPs), pleural fluid CRP (CRPpf), and CRPpf/CRPs ratio (CRPr) are useful for the differential diagnosis of exudative PE; however, their efficacy rate is not similar in these studies. The majority of these studies were conducted on small groups of subjects, and the efficacy of the gradient between CRPs and CRPpf (CRPg—calculated as CRPs—CRPpf) in this differentiation has not been previously investigated. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy rate of CRPs, CRPpf, CRPg, and CRPr in the differential diagnoses of various causes of exudative PE in a relatively large cohort of patients. Materials and Methods: The research group included 282 subjects with exudative PE—146 had parapneumonic effusion (PPE), 126 had malignant pleural effusion (MPE), and 10 had tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE). The values are presented as mean ± SD. Results: The mean CRPs level was significantly higher in the PPE group compared to the MPE group (p < 0.0001) and the TPE group (p < 0.001), and also significantly higher in the TPE group than in the MPE group (p = 0.0009). Similarly, the mean CRPpf level was significantly higher in the PPE group than in the MPE group (p < 0.0001) and the TPE group (p = 0.04), and also significantly higher in the TPE group than in the MPE group (p < 0.0001). The mean CRPg level was significantly higher in the PPE group than in both the MPE group (p < 0.0001) and the TPE group (p < 0.002). The mean CRPr level did not differ significantly among these groups of exudate. Conclusions: CRPs, CRPpf, and CRPg are effective in the differential diagnosis of exudative PE, while CRPr was not effective in this regard. The main limitation of this study is that the sample size of the TPE group is very small. Full article

The rapid growth of electric vehicles (EVs) and new energy systems has put lithium-ion batteries at the center of the clean energy change. Nevertheless, to achieve the best battery performance, safety, and sustainability in many changing circumstances, major innovations are needed in Battery Management Systems (BMS). This review paper explores how artificial intelligence (AI) and digital twin (DT) technologies can be integrated to enable the intelligent BMS of the future. It investigates how powerful data approaches such as deep learning, ensembles, and models that rely on physics improve the accuracy of predicting state of charge (SOC), state of health (SOH), and remaining useful life (RUL). Additionally, the paper reviews progress in AI features for cooling, fast charging, fault detection, and intelligible AI models. Working together, cloud and edge computing technology with DTs means better diagnostics, predictive support, and improved management for any use of EVs, stored energy, and recycling. The review underlines recent successes in AI-driven material research, renewable battery production, and plans for used systems, along with new problems in cybersecurity, combining data and mass rollout. We spotlight important research themes, existing problems, and future drawbacks following careful analysis of different up-to-date approaches and systems. Uniting physical modeling with AI-based analytics on cloud-edge-DT platforms supports the development of tough, intelligent, and ecologically responsible batteries that line up with future mobility and wider use of renewable energy. Full article

Vortex-induced vibrations (VIVs) pose significant risks to the structural integrity of subsea cables and pipelines under free-span conditions. It is extremely helpful to be able to screen for VIV and understand for a particular cable or pipeline what the minimum free-span threshold lengths are beyond which in-line and/or cross-flow VIV can be excited, causing fatigue problems. To date screening is a more complex and detailed task. This paper introduces a universal dimensionless velocity, V*, and one graph that can be used across all types of VIV free spans to quickly assess minimum free-span threshold lengths. Natural frequencies are not required to be calculated for screening each time, as they are implicit in the curve. The universal criteria are developed via non-dimensional analysis to establish the significant physical mechanisms, after which the relationships are populated, forming a single curve for in-line and for cross-flow VIV with a typical mass ratio and a conservative zero as-laid tension case. Full article

Boron-containing compounds (BCCs) have emerged as potential drugs. Their drug-like effects are mainly explained by their mechanisms of action in enzymes. Nowadays, some experimental data support the effects of specific BCCs on GPCRs, provided there are crystal structures that show them bound to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Some BCCs are recognized as potential ligands of GPCRs—the drug targets of many diseases. Objective: The aim of this study was to collecte up-to-date data on the interactions of BCCs with GPCRs. Methods: Data were collected from the National Center of Biotechnology Information, PubMed, Global Health, Embase, the Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases and reviewed. Results: Some experimental reports support the interactions of BCCs with several GPCRs, acting as their labels, agonists, or antagonists. These interactions can be inferred based on in silico and in vitro results if there are no available crystal structures for validating them. Conclusions: The actions of BCCs on GPCRs are no longer hypothetical, as the existing evidence supports BCCs’ interactions with and actions on GPCRs. Full article