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Review

Microplastics and Kidneys: An Update on the Evidence for Deposition of Plastic Microparticles in Human Organs, Tissues and Fluids and Renal Toxicity Concern

by
Edoardo La Porta
1,2,
Ottavia Exacoustos
1,
Francesca Lugani
1,
Andrea Angeletti
1,3,
Decimo Silvio Chiarenza
1,
Carolina Bigatti
1,
Sonia Spinelli
3,
Xhuliana Kajana
3,
Andrea Garbarino
3,
Maurizio Bruschi
3,4,
Giovanni Candiano
2,
Gianluca Caridi
2,
Nicoletta Mancianti
5,
Marta Calatroni
6,7,
Daniela Verzola
8,
Pasquale Esposito
8,9,
Francesca Viazzi
8,9,
Enrico Verrina
1,2 and
Gian Marco Ghiggeri
1,3,*
1
UO Nephrology Dialysis and Transplant, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
2
UOSD Dialysis IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
3
Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
4
Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
5
Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency-Urgency and Transplantation, University Hospital of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
6
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy
7
Nephrology and Dialysis Division, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
8
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
9
Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(18), 14391; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241814391
Submission received: 1 September 2023 / Revised: 17 September 2023 / Accepted: 17 September 2023 / Published: 21 September 2023
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics)
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Abstract

Plastic pollution became a main challenge for human beings as demonstrated by the increasing dispersion of plastic waste into the environment. Microplastics (MPs) have become ubiquitous and humans are exposed daily to inhalation or ingestion of plastic microparticles. Recent studies performed using mainly spectroscopy or spectrometry-based techniques have shown astounding evidence for the presence of MPs in human tissues, organs and fluids. The placenta, meconium, breast milk, lung, intestine, liver, heart and cardiovascular system, blood, urine and cerebrovascular liquid are afflicted by MPs’ presence and deposition. On the whole, obtained data underline a great heterogeneity among different tissue and organs of the polymers characterized and the microparticles’ dimension, even if most of them seem to be below 50–100 µm. Evidence for the possible contribution of MPs in human diseases is still limited and this field of study in medicine is in an initial state. However, increasing studies on their toxicity in vitro and in vivo suggest worrying effects on human cells mainly mediated by oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis. Nephrological studies are insufficient and evidence for the presence of MPs in human kidneys is still lacking, but the little evidence present in the literature has demonstrated histological and functional alteration of kidneys in animal models and cytotoxicity through apoptosis, autophagy, oxidative stress and inflammation in kidney cells. Overall, the manuscript we report in this review recommends urgent further study to analyze potential correlations between kidney disease and MPs’ exposure in human.
Keywords: microplastics; environment; toxicity; kidney disease; Raman spectroscopy microplastics; environment; toxicity; kidney disease; Raman spectroscopy

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

La Porta, E.; Exacoustos, O.; Lugani, F.; Angeletti, A.; Chiarenza, D.S.; Bigatti, C.; Spinelli, S.; Kajana, X.; Garbarino, A.; Bruschi, M.; et al. Microplastics and Kidneys: An Update on the Evidence for Deposition of Plastic Microparticles in Human Organs, Tissues and Fluids and Renal Toxicity Concern. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 14391. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241814391

AMA Style

La Porta E, Exacoustos O, Lugani F, Angeletti A, Chiarenza DS, Bigatti C, Spinelli S, Kajana X, Garbarino A, Bruschi M, et al. Microplastics and Kidneys: An Update on the Evidence for Deposition of Plastic Microparticles in Human Organs, Tissues and Fluids and Renal Toxicity Concern. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(18):14391. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241814391

Chicago/Turabian Style

La Porta, Edoardo, Ottavia Exacoustos, Francesca Lugani, Andrea Angeletti, Decimo Silvio Chiarenza, Carolina Bigatti, Sonia Spinelli, Xhuliana Kajana, Andrea Garbarino, Maurizio Bruschi, and et al. 2023. "Microplastics and Kidneys: An Update on the Evidence for Deposition of Plastic Microparticles in Human Organs, Tissues and Fluids and Renal Toxicity Concern" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 18: 14391. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241814391

APA Style

La Porta, E., Exacoustos, O., Lugani, F., Angeletti, A., Chiarenza, D. S., Bigatti, C., Spinelli, S., Kajana, X., Garbarino, A., Bruschi, M., Candiano, G., Caridi, G., Mancianti, N., Calatroni, M., Verzola, D., Esposito, P., Viazzi, F., Verrina, E., & Ghiggeri, G. M. (2023). Microplastics and Kidneys: An Update on the Evidence for Deposition of Plastic Microparticles in Human Organs, Tissues and Fluids and Renal Toxicity Concern. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(18), 14391. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241814391

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