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Viruses
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Sero-Epidemiology of Viral Infection
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Sero-Epidemiology of Viral Infection

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Viral Immunology, Vaccines, and Antivirals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2022) | Viewed by 8563

Special Issue Editor

Dr. David Paul Moore

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Baragwanath Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
Interests: pneumonia; respiratory viruses; COVID-19; congenital infections; human immunodeficiency virus; antimicrobial stewardship

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Viruses are implicated in the aetiology of a wide spectrum of human diseases, ranging from congenital infection of the developing foetus to acute infection of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, central and peripheral nervous systems, integument and heart, and cancer. Tracking the burden of disease attributable to specific viruses assists in determining their magnitude of impact on human populations and is often used to justify the establishment of vaccination programmes aimed at preventing disease. Furthermore, serologic examination of baseline and convalescent sera may assist in determining the cause of illness in patients that have recovered from an infection with an undetermined aetiology.

This Special Issue of Viruses is dedicated to the topic “Sero-Epidemiology of Viral Infection” and aims to collect current evidence on the burden of viral infection as estimated through the use of serologic surveillance at either the population level, or in defined cohorts.

We invite the submission of basic science methodologic papers, original research papers and review articles which explore the use of serologic testing for viral pathogens in humans for this Special Issue.

Dr. David Paul Moore
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • serology
  • burden of disease
  • human
  • virus
  • infection
  • cancer
  • vaccination

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 1282 KiB  
Article
Sustained Low Incidence of Severe and Fatal COVID-19 Following Widespread Infection Induced Immunity after the Omicron (BA.1) Dominant in Gauteng, South Africa: An Observational Study
by Shabir A. Madhi, Gaurav Kwatra, Jonathan E. Myers, Waasila Jassat, Nisha Dhar, Christian K. Mukendi, Lucille Blumberg, Richard Welch, Alane Izu and Portia C. Mutevedzi
Viruses 2023, 15(3), 597; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15030597 - 21 Feb 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1414
Abstract
We conducted an epidemiologic survey to determine the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 anti-nucleocapsid (anti-N) and anti-spike (anti-S) protein IgG from 1 March to 11 April 2022 after the BA.1-dominant wave had subsided in South Africa and prior to another wave dominated by the BA.4 [...] Read more.
We conducted an epidemiologic survey to determine the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 anti-nucleocapsid (anti-N) and anti-spike (anti-S) protein IgG from 1 March to 11 April 2022 after the BA.1-dominant wave had subsided in South Africa and prior to another wave dominated by the BA.4 and BA.5 (BA.4/BA.5) sub-lineages. We also analysed epidemiologic trends in Gauteng Province for cases, hospitalizations, recorded deaths, and excess deaths were evaluated from the inception of the pandemic through 17 November 2022. Despite only 26.7% (1995/7470) of individuals having received a COVID-19 vaccine, the overall seropositivity for SARS-CoV-2 was 90.9% (95% confidence interval (CI), 90.2 to 91.5) at the end of the BA.1 wave, and 64% (95% CI, 61.8 to 65.9) of individuals were infected during the BA.1-dominant wave. The SARS-CoV-2 infection fatality risk was 16.5–22.3 times lower in the BA.1-dominant wave compared with the pre-BA.1 waves for recorded deaths (0.02% vs. 0.33%) and estimated excess mortality (0.03% vs. 0.67%). Although there are ongoing cases of COVID-19 infections, hospitalization and death, there has not been any meaningful resurgence of COVID-19 since the BA.1-dominant wave despite only 37.8% coverage by at least a single dose of COVID-19 vaccine in Gauteng, South Africa. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sero-Epidemiology of Viral Infection)
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13 pages, 593 KiB  
Article
Determinants of Anti-S Immune Response at 9 Months after COVID-19 Vaccination in a Multicentric European Cohort of Healthcare Workers—ORCHESTRA Project
by Giulia Collatuzzo, Vittorio Lodi, Daniela Feola, Giuseppe De Palma, Emanuele Sansone, Emma Sala, Christian Janke, Noemi Castelletti, Stefano Porru, Gianluca Spiteri, Maria Grazia Lourdes Monaco, Francesca Larese Filon, Corrado Negro, Luca Cegolon, Jana Beresova, Eleonora Fabianova, Lucia A. Carrasco-Ribelles, Pere Toràn-Monserrat, Marta Maria Rodriguez-Suarez, Guillermo Fernandez-Tardon, Shuffield S. Asafo, Giorgia Ditano, Mahsa Abedini and Paolo Boffettaadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Viruses 2022, 14(12), 2657; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122657 - 28 Nov 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1854
Abstract
Background: The persistence of antibody levels after COVID-19 vaccination has public health relevance. We analyzed the determinants of quantitative serology at 9 months after vaccination in a multicenter cohort. Methods: We analyzed data on anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody levels at 9 months from the [...] Read more.
Background: The persistence of antibody levels after COVID-19 vaccination has public health relevance. We analyzed the determinants of quantitative serology at 9 months after vaccination in a multicenter cohort. Methods: We analyzed data on anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody levels at 9 months from the first dose of vaccinated HCW from eight centers in Italy, Germany, Spain, Romania and Slovakia. Serological levels were log-transformed to account for the skewness of the distribution and normalized by dividing them by center-specific standard errors. We fitted center-specific multivariate regression models to estimate the cohort-specific relative risks (RR) of an increase of one standard deviation of log antibody level and the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI), and combined them in random-effects meta-analyses. Finally, we conducted a trend analysis of 1 to 7 months’ serology within one cohort. Results: We included 20,216 HCW with up to two vaccine doses and showed that high antibody levels were associated with female sex (p = 0.01), age (RR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.86–0.88 per 10-year increase), 10-day increase in time since last vaccine (RR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.97–0.98), previous infection (3.03, 95% CI = 2.92–3.13), two vaccine doses (RR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.09–1.36), use of Spikevax (OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.39–1.64), Vaxzevria (OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.44–0.73) or heterologous vaccination (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.12–1.57), compared to Comirnaty. The trend in the Bologna cohort, based on 3979 measurements, showed a decrease in mean standardized antibody level from 8.17 to 7.06 (1–7 months, p for trend 0.005). Conclusions: Our findings corroborate current knowledge on the determinants of COVID-19 vaccine-induced immunity and declining trend with time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sero-Epidemiology of Viral Infection)
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14 pages, 1829 KiB  
Article
Estimating the Effectiveness of Shielding during Pregnancy against SARS-CoV-2 in New York City during the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic
by Siyu Chen, Elisabeth A. Murphy, Angeline G. Pendergrass, Ashley C. Sukhu, Dorothy Eng, Magdalena Jurkiewicz, Iman Mohammed, Sophie Rand, Lisa J. White, Nathaniel Hupert and Yawei J. Yang
Viruses 2022, 14(11), 2408; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14112408 - 30 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2359
Abstract
Pregnant patients have increased morbidity and mortality in the setting of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The exposure of pregnant patients in New York City to SARS-CoV-2 is not well understood due to early lack of access to testing and the presence of asymptomatic COVID-19 infections. [...] Read more.
Pregnant patients have increased morbidity and mortality in the setting of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The exposure of pregnant patients in New York City to SARS-CoV-2 is not well understood due to early lack of access to testing and the presence of asymptomatic COVID-19 infections. Before the availability of vaccinations, preventative (shielding) measures, including but not limited to wearing a mask and quarantining at home to limit contact, were recommended for pregnant patients. Using universal testing data from 2196 patients who gave birth from April through December 2020 from one institution in New York City, and in comparison, with infection data of the general population in New York City, we estimated the exposure and real-world effectiveness of shielding in pregnant patients. Our Bayesian model shows that patients already pregnant at the onset of the pandemic had a 50% decrease in exposure compared to those who became pregnant after the onset of the pandemic and to the general population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sero-Epidemiology of Viral Infection)
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14 pages, 2084 KiB  
Systematic Review
Clinical Landscape and Rate of Exposure to Ilheus Virus: Insights from Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Vivaldo Gomes da Costa, Marielena Vogel Saivish, Nikolas Alexander Borsato Lino, Cíntia Bittar, Marília de Freitas Calmon, Maurício Lacerda Nogueira and Paula Rahal
Viruses 2023, 15(1), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15010092 - 29 Dec 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2482
Abstract
Ilheus fever is a mosquito-borne, poorly known tropical disease. We aimed to report the pooled rate of exposure to the Ilheus virus (ILHV) and clinical outcomes of infection to determine the epidemiological patterns of ILHV. We conducted a meta-analysis of 37 studies ( [...] Read more.
Ilheus fever is a mosquito-borne, poorly known tropical disease. We aimed to report the pooled rate of exposure to the Ilheus virus (ILHV) and clinical outcomes of infection to determine the epidemiological patterns of ILHV. We conducted a meta-analysis of 37 studies (n = 17,722 individuals) from Latin America. The common clinical characteristics of ILHV infection were fever (82.3%), headache (52.9%), and myalgia (52.9%). Encephalitis complicated the course of the infection in 29.4% cases. Monotypic serological reactions detected a pooled rate of exposure of 2% to ILHV (95% CI: 1–2). Studies were mainly conducted in Brazil, with a pooled proportion of ILHV positivity of 8% (95% CI: 3–14). Males (12%) had higher rates of seropositivity than females (7%) and had high chances of ILHV infection (OR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.2–2.5). Seropositivity increased with age, from 2% (95% CI: 2–3) among people aged 0–14 years to 8% (95% CI: 6–10) among people aged 15–64 years. Our analysis indicated a low and relatively constant burden of ILHV in Latin America. More research is needed to evaluate and innovate serological assays for ILHV to better estimate the burden and dynamics of epidemiological changes in ILHV infection in different regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sero-Epidemiology of Viral Infection)
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