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Viruses
Special Issues
Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus and Other Vesicular Disease Viruses
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Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus and Other Vesicular Disease Viruses

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Human Virology and Viral Diseases".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 December 2022) | Viewed by 10846

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Zhidong Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu 610041, China
Interests: pathogenesis of viral diseases; interaction of a virus with host; diagnostic assay
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Yanmin Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu 610041, China
Interests: viral infection; innate immunity; diagnostic assay; animals; pathogenesis of viral diseases; vaccine
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Jie Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science &Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
Interests: foot-and-mouth disease virus

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease characterized by vesicular lesions on the mouth and hoof, which affects more than 70 species of clove-hoofed animals including pigs, sheep, goats, and cattle and remains the single most important constraint to the international trade in live animals and animal products worldwide. The disease is caused by FMD virus (FMDV), which is a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Picornaviridae family, genus Aphthovirus. Other vesicular viruses (non-FMDV) include Seneca Valley virus (SVV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) and vesicular exanthema of swine virus (VESV), which can cause clinically indistinguishable vesicular lesions in susceptible animals. In this Special Issue, we will accept papers on all aspects of FMDV and other vesicular disease virus research. Topics include, but are not limited to, the following: virus detection and characterization, pathogenesis and persistence, virus-host interactions and immunology.

Dr. Zhidong Zhang
Dr. Yanmin Li
Prof. Dr. Jie Zhang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • foot-and-mouth disease
  • foot-and-mouth disease virus
  • vesicular viruses
  • pathogenesis
  • characterization
  • virus-host interactions

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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10 pages, 2150 KiB  
Article
Antiviral Effect of Manganese against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Both in PK15 Cells and Mice
by Zhixiong Zhang, Rui Zhang, Juanbin Yin, Shuaiyang Zhao, Xiaodong Qin, Fei Chen, Yang Yang, Ling Bai, Zijing Guo, Yongshu Wu, Yanmin Li and Zhidong Zhang
Viruses 2023, 15(2), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020390 - 30 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1476
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals such as cattle, pigs, and sheep. Current emergency FMD vaccines are of limited use for early protection because their protective effect starts 7 days after vaccination. Therefore, antiviral drugs or additives are [...] Read more.
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals such as cattle, pigs, and sheep. Current emergency FMD vaccines are of limited use for early protection because their protective effect starts 7 days after vaccination. Therefore, antiviral drugs or additives are used to rapidly stop the spread of the virus during FMD outbreaks. Manganese (Mn2+) was recently found to be an important substance necessary for the host to protect against DNA viruses. However, its antiviral effect against RNA viruses remains unknown. In this study, we found that Mn2+ has antiviral effects on the FMD virus (FMDV) both in PK15 cells and mice. The inhibitory effect of Mn2+ on FMDV involves NF-κB activation and up-regulation of interferon-stimulated genes. Animal experiments showed that Mn2+ can be highly effective in protecting C57BL/6N mice from being infected with FMDV. Overall, we suggest Mn2+ as an effective antiviral additive for controlling FMDV infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus and Other Vesicular Disease Viruses)
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12 pages, 1791 KiB  
Article
A Naked-Eye Visual Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification with Sharp Color Changes for Potential Pen-Side Test of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus
by Jie Zhang, Qian Hou, Weimin Ma, Danian Chen, Weibing Zhang, Ashenafi Kiros Wubshet, Yaozhong Ding, Miaomiao Li, Qian Li, Jiao Chen, Junfei Dai, Guohua Wu, Ziteng Zhang, Alexei D. Zaberezhny, Zygmunt Pejsak, Kazimierz Tarasiuk, Muhammad Umar Zafar Khan, Yang Wang, Jijun He and Yongsheng Liu
Viruses 2022, 14(9), 1982; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14091982 - 07 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2162
Abstract
Visual loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is qualified to be applied in the field to detect pathogens due to its simplicity, rapidity and cost saving. However, the color changes in currently reported visual reverse transcription LAMP (RT-LAMP) for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) detection are [...] Read more.
Visual loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is qualified to be applied in the field to detect pathogens due to its simplicity, rapidity and cost saving. However, the color changes in currently reported visual reverse transcription LAMP (RT-LAMP) for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) detection are not so obvious to the naked eye, so interpretation of results is troublesome. In this study, a new naked-eye visual RT-LAMP to detect all seven distinct serotypes of FMDV was established based on the 3D genes by using pH-sensitive neutral red as the indicator, rendering a sharp contrast of color changes between the negative (light orange) and the positive (pink). Analytical sensitivity tests showed that the detection limit of the visual RT-LAMP was 104 copies/µL while those were 103 and 104 copies/µL for the RT-qPCR and conventional RT-PCR methods, respectively. Specificity tests proved that the established visual RT-LAMP assay had no cross-reactivity with other common livestock viruses. Furthermore, the analysis of 59 clinical samples showed 98.31% and 100% concordance with the RT-qPCR and the RT-PCR, respectively. The pan-serotypic FMD visual RT-LAMP assay could be suitable for a pen-side test of all seven serotypes of FMDV because the results could be easily distinguished by the naked eye without the requirement of complicated instruments and professional technicians. Hence, the novel method may have a promising prospect in field tests which exert an important role in monitoring, preventing, and controlling FMD, especially in regions with no PCR or qPCR instrument available. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus and Other Vesicular Disease Viruses)
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12 pages, 2421 KiB  
Article
Full-Length Genomic RNA of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Is Infectious for Cattle by Injection
by Hanna Keck, Benedikt Litz, Bernd Hoffmann, Julia Sehl-Ewert, Martin Beer and Michael Eschbaumer
Viruses 2022, 14(9), 1924; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14091924 - 30 Aug 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1417
Abstract
Safe sample transport is of great importance for infectious diseases diagnostics. Various treatments and buffers are used to inactivate pathogens in diagnostic samples. At the same time, adequate sample preservation, particularly of nucleic acids, is essential to allow an accurate laboratory diagnosis. For [...] Read more.
Safe sample transport is of great importance for infectious diseases diagnostics. Various treatments and buffers are used to inactivate pathogens in diagnostic samples. At the same time, adequate sample preservation, particularly of nucleic acids, is essential to allow an accurate laboratory diagnosis. For viruses with single-stranded RNA genomes of positive polarity, such as foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), however, naked full-length viral RNA can itself be infectious. In order to assess the risk of infection from inactivated FMDV samples, two animal experiments were performed. In the first trial, six cattle were injected with FMDV RNA (isolate A22/IRQ/24/64) into the tongue epithelium. All animals developed clinical disease within two days and FMDV was reisolated from serum and saliva samples. In the second trial, another group of six cattle was exposed to FMDV RNA by instilling it on the tongue and spraying it into the nose. The animals were observed for 10 days after exposure. All animals remained clinically unremarkable and virus isolation as well as FMDV genome detection in serum and saliva were negative. No transfection reagent was used for any of the animal inoculations. In conclusion, cattle can be infected by injection with naked FMDV RNA, but not by non-invasive exposure to the RNA. Inactivated FMDV samples that contain full-length viral RNA carry only a negligible risk of infecting animals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus and Other Vesicular Disease Viruses)
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Review

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22 pages, 1977 KiB  
Review
B and T Cell Epitopes of the Incursionary Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype SAT2 for Vaccine Development
by Qian Li, Ashenafi Kiros Wubshet, Yang Wang, Livio Heath and Jie Zhang
Viruses 2023, 15(3), 797; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15030797 - 21 Mar 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2624
Abstract
Failure of cross-protection among interserotypes and intratypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a big threat to endemic countries and their prevention and control strategies. However, insights into practices relating to the development of a multi-epitope vaccine appear as a best alternative approach [...] Read more.
Failure of cross-protection among interserotypes and intratypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a big threat to endemic countries and their prevention and control strategies. However, insights into practices relating to the development of a multi-epitope vaccine appear as a best alternative approach to alleviate the cross-protection-associated problems. In order to facilitate the development of such a vaccine design approach, identification and prediction of the antigenic B and T cell epitopes along with determining the level of immunogenicity are essential bioinformatics steps. These steps are well applied in Eurasian serotypes, but very rare in South African Territories (SAT) Types, particularly in serotype SAT2. For this reason, the available scattered immunogenic information on SAT2 epitopes needs to be organized and clearly understood. Therefore, in this review, we compiled relevant bioinformatic reports about B and T cell epitopes of the incursionary SAT2 FMDV and the promising experimental demonstrations of such designed and developed vaccines against this serotype. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus and Other Vesicular Disease Viruses)
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39 pages, 2408 KiB  
Review
Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus: Molecular Interplays with IFN Response and the Importance of the Model
by Morgan Sarry, Damien Vitour, Stephan Zientara, Labib Bakkali Kassimi and Sandra Blaise-Boisseau
Viruses 2022, 14(10), 2129; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14102129 - 27 Sep 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2547
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals with a significant socioeconomic impact. One of the issues related to this disease is the ability of its etiological agent, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), to persist in the organism of its [...] Read more.
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals with a significant socioeconomic impact. One of the issues related to this disease is the ability of its etiological agent, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), to persist in the organism of its hosts via underlying mechanisms that remain to be elucidated. The establishment of a virus–host equilibrium via protein–protein interactions could contribute to explaining these phenomena. FMDV has indeed developed numerous strategies to evade the immune response, especially the type I interferon response. Viral proteins target this innate antiviral response at different levels, ranging from blocking the detection of viral RNAs to inhibiting the expression of ISGs. The large diversity of impacts of these interactions must be considered in the light of the in vitro models that have been used to demonstrate them, some being sometimes far from biological systems. In this review, we have therefore listed the interactions between FMDV and the interferon response as exhaustively as possible, focusing on both their biological effect and the study models used. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus and Other Vesicular Disease Viruses)
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