Zoonotic Influenza (8th International Influenza Meeting)

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "General Virology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2023) | Viewed by 19906

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Institute of Virology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
Interests: adaptation processes of avian influenza viruses required to cross the species barrier; characterization of bat influenza viruses; Borna disease virus; SARS-CoV-2: Freiburg-COVID-19 consortium

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Guest Editor
Institute of Virology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
Interests: interaction of influenza viruses and other respiratory pathogens with the host cells and immune system; innate immune mechanisms in acute virus infections; host-targeted antivirals against respiratory viruses
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Influenza is a major acute respiratory disease in humans whose epidemiology is decisively shaped by a huge animal reservoir in birds, and therefore is a bona fide zoonosis. Besides humans and birds, influenza A viruses (IAVs) are found in many different species, including pigs, horses, seals, and even bats. The evolutionary development of influenza A viruses (IAVs) in humans and animals is unpredictable. E.g., while it was expected that new pandemic viruses might emerge in Asia from avian sources, the first pandemic in the 21st century took its course from Mesoamerica and was caused by a reassortant virus of swine origin. Since then, we have seen the onset of a strong evolutionary dynamic of variant and reassortant IAVs in pigs in Europe with, so far, unknown zoonotic potential of the circulating strains. Additionally, infections of birds by highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses occur all over the world and occasionally are transmitted to humans, still posing a pandemic threat.

Because of the importance of these issues, “Zoonotic Influenza” has been chosen as the highlighted topic for the 8th International Influenza Meeting in Münster/Germany (Sep. 2–4, 2022). This Special Issue, “Zoonotic Influenza”, should, however, not be restricted to conference proceedings but should be open to all authors working on any aspects of the animal-to-human transmission of influenza viruses.

Topics include, but are not restricted to, the following:

  • Viral mechanisms to overcome the species barrier between animals and humans;
  • Molecular determinants of species specificity and pathogenicity;
  • Influenza in animals and potential zoonotic risk;
  • Epidemiology of highly pathogenic avian influenza in humans;
  • Evolution, epidemiology, and zoonotic potential of swine influenza;
  • Bat influenza and its relation to influenza in other species;
  • Measures to prevent zoonotic transmission.

Prof. Dr. Martin Schwemmle
Prof. Dr. Stephan Ludwig
Guest Editors

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 3409 KiB  
Article
Highly Pathogenic H5 Influenza Viruses Isolated between 2016 and 2017 in Vietnamese Live Bird Markets
by Lizheng Guan, Gongxun Zhong, Shufang Fan, Erin M. Plisch, Robert Presler, Chunyang Gu, Lavanya Babujee, David Pattinson, Hang Le Khanh Nguyen, Vu Mai Phuong Hoang, Mai Quynh Le, Harm van Bakel, Gabriele Neumann and Yoshihiro Kawaoka
Viruses 2023, 15(5), 1093; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15051093 - 29 Apr 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2769
Abstract
Routine surveillance in live poultry markets in the northern regions of Vietnam from 2016 to 2017 resulted in the isolation of 27 highly pathogenic avian H5N1 and H5N6 viruses of 3 different clades (2.3.2.1c, 2.3.4.4f, and 2.3.4.4g). Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of these [...] Read more.
Routine surveillance in live poultry markets in the northern regions of Vietnam from 2016 to 2017 resulted in the isolation of 27 highly pathogenic avian H5N1 and H5N6 viruses of 3 different clades (2.3.2.1c, 2.3.4.4f, and 2.3.4.4g). Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of these viruses revealed reassortment with various subtypes of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Deep-sequencing identified minor viral subpopulations encoding variants that may affect pathogenicity and sensitivity to antiviral drugs. Interestingly, mice infected with two different clade 2.3.2.1c viruses lost body weight rapidly and succumbed to virus infection, whereas mice infected with clade 2.3.4.4f or 2.3.4.4g viruses experienced non-lethal infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zoonotic Influenza (8th International Influenza Meeting))
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Review

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37 pages, 2100 KiB  
Review
Zoonotic Animal Influenza Virus and Potential Mixing Vessel Hosts
by Elsayed M. Abdelwhab and Thomas C. Mettenleiter
Viruses 2023, 15(4), 980; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15040980 - 16 Apr 2023
Cited by 59 | Viewed by 16602
Abstract
Influenza viruses belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae with a negative-sense, single-stranded segmented RNA genome. They infect a wide range of animals, including humans. From 1918 to 2009, there were four influenza pandemics, which caused millions of casualties. Frequent spillover of animal influenza viruses [...] Read more.
Influenza viruses belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae with a negative-sense, single-stranded segmented RNA genome. They infect a wide range of animals, including humans. From 1918 to 2009, there were four influenza pandemics, which caused millions of casualties. Frequent spillover of animal influenza viruses to humans with or without intermediate hosts poses a serious zoonotic and pandemic threat. The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic overshadowed the high risk raised by animal influenza viruses, but highlighted the role of wildlife as a reservoir for pandemic viruses. In this review, we summarize the occurrence of animal influenza virus in humans and describe potential mixing vessel or intermediate hosts for zoonotic influenza viruses. While several animal influenza viruses possess a high zoonotic risk (e.g., avian and swine influenza viruses), others are of low to negligible zoonotic potential (e.g., equine, canine, bat and bovine influenza viruses). Transmission can occur directly from animals, particularly poultry and swine, to humans or through reassortant viruses in “mixing vessel” hosts. To date, there are less than 3000 confirmed human infections with avian-origin viruses and less than 7000 subclinical infections documented. Likewise, only a few hundreds of confirmed human cases caused by swine influenza viruses have been reported. Pigs are the historic mixing vessel host for the generation of zoonotic influenza viruses due to the expression of both avian-type and human-type receptors. Nevertheless, there are a number of hosts which carry both types of receptors and can act as a potential mixing vessel host. High vigilance is warranted to prevent the next pandemic caused by animal influenza viruses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zoonotic Influenza (8th International Influenza Meeting))
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