Circoviruses in Domestic and Wild Animals

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 July 2026 | Viewed by 741

Special Issue Editors

Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
Interests: etiology; diagnosis; vaccine development of swine emerging; re-emerging infectious diseases
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
Interests: innate immune response; host antiviral immunity; mechanisms of viral immune evasion; host-virus interaction; DNA virus infection; novel animal vaccines; antiviral drugs
Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
Interests: etiology; diagnosis; vaccine development of swine emerging; re-emerging infectious diseases
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Circoviruses are important pathogens that infect a wide range of domestic and wild animals. In swine populations, Porcine Circovirus (PCV) infection can lead to various diseases such as Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS), enteritis, and Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome (PDNS), collectively referred to as Porcine Circovirus Disease (PCVD). These diseases cause annual economic losses amounting to tens of billions of dollars to the global swine industry. Among them, PCV2 has been the most extensively studied, and commercial vaccines are available. The recently discovered PCV3 and PCV4 often co-infect with PCV2, exacerbating disease complexity. Furthermore, circoviruses also infect other animals (such as dogs, poultry, etc.), posing ongoing threats to animal health and the farming industry.

To comprehensively advance research in this field, this Special Issue aims to collect the latest scientific progress on circoviruses in domestic and wild animals. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Diagnosis, surveillance, and molecular epidemiology of emerging and known circoviruses;
  • Research on vaccines and immunization strategies against circoviruses;
  • In-depth studies on the etiology and pathogenesis of circoviruses;
  • Host immune responses, defense mechanisms, and related biomarkers;
  • Cross-species transmission and ecological studies;
  • Discovery and characterization of circoviruses in wild animals.

We welcome original research articles, reviews, and methodological papers to promote a multifaceted understanding of circoviruses and their effective prevention and control.

Dr. Jun Li
Prof. Dr. Yingli Shang
Dr. Chen Li
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • circoviruses
  • porcine circovirus
  • diagnosis
  • epidemiology
  • vaccines
  • pathogenesis
  • host immunity
  • wildlife virology

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

13 pages, 9823 KB  
Article
Epidemiology, Genetic Evolution, and Capsid Protein Variation of Porcine Circovirus 2 in China (2023–2024): Sustained Dominance of Genotype PCV2d
by Ze Tong, Shiting Ni, Jiaqi Liu, Pingxuan Liu, Daisheng Shi, Guosheng Chen, Xin Zong, Yaning Lv, Renhang Xiao and Chen Tan
Viruses 2026, 18(4), 468; https://doi.org/10.3390/v18040468 - 15 Apr 2026
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Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a pathogen of major importance in swine that is characterized by ongoing genetic evolution. To provide an updated epidemiological assessment for China, our study analyzed 1051 clinical samples collected from 27 provincial-level regions between 2023 and 2024. [...] Read more.
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a pathogen of major importance in swine that is characterized by ongoing genetic evolution. To provide an updated epidemiological assessment for China, our study analyzed 1051 clinical samples collected from 27 provincial-level regions between 2023 and 2024. The overall PCV2 positivity rate was 65.18%, with detection rates showing significant seasonal variation, with higher rates in spring and summer. Genotypic analysis of 379 open reading frame 2 (ORF2) sequences identified PCV2d as the dominant genotype (78.89%), and no significant geographic clustering was observed. Coinfection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is common, yet statistical tests have revealed an epidemiologically independent relationship between the two viruses. Notably, analysis of the capsid (Cap) protein revealed that high-frequency amino acid mutations were concentrated in immunodominant loop regions. These mutations resulted in genotype-specific substitutions within key neutralizing epitopes. This study provides the latest large-scale national baseline data on PCV2 in China for 2023–2024. It systematically analyzes the epidemiological characteristics of the dominant PCV2d genotype in the post-African Swine Fever era, the patterns of antigenic epitope mutations in the Cap protein, and their potential impact on vaccine efficacy. The study fills a gap in recent national epidemiological data on PCV2 in China and provides a basis for the targeted prevention and control of PCV2 and the updating of vaccine strains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circoviruses in Domestic and Wild Animals)
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