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Viruses
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Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus
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Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 July 2026 | Viewed by 3212

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Satya Parida

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Guest Editor
Laboratory and Vaccine Specialist, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
Interests: peste des petits ruminants virus; PPRV; FMDV; vaccines; pathogenesis of PPRV
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Zhidong Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
Interests: pathogenesis of viral diseases; interaction of a virus with host; diagnostic assay
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Madhanmohan Muthukrishnan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Vaccine Research Centre–Viral Vaccines and Biocontainment Animal Disease Laboratory, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai 600 051, India
Interests: foot-and-mouth disease research; diagnostic test development and validation; vaccines and immunology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an infectious transboundary viral disease that causes severe implications not only for the health and production of cloven-hoofed animals including large and small ruminants and pigs, but also for the economy of the FMD endemic countries. In this Special Issue, we will accept papers on all aspects of FMD research. Topics include but are not limited to: viral pathogenesis, virus-host interactions, viral diagnosis and epidemiology, and vaccines/antivirals.

Prof. Dr. Satya Parida
Prof. Dr. Zhidong Zhang
Dr. Madhanmohan Muthukrishnan
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • foot-and-mouth disease
  • foot-and-mouth disease virus
  • hoof-and-mouth disease
  • FMD
  • FMD virus
  • foot-and-mouth disease vaccines

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

24 pages, 5481 KB  
Article
Temporal Dynamics of Recombination in Field Isolates of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus
by Mate Malichava, Alexander Lukashev and Yulia Aleshina
Viruses 2026, 18(2), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/v18020262 - 19 Feb 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1057
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a highly contagious pathogen of cloven-hoofed livestock. Recombination is one of the mechanisms that contribute to genetic diversity of FMDV and facilitate the generation of new viral lineages, or recombinant forms. While the general patterns of recombination in [...] Read more.
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a highly contagious pathogen of cloven-hoofed livestock. Recombination is one of the mechanisms that contribute to genetic diversity of FMDV and facilitate the generation of new viral lineages, or recombinant forms. While the general patterns of recombination in FMDV are well-known, the temporal dynamics of this process remain unexplored. This study systematically analyzed recombination across 1485 publicly available complete genome sequences of FMDV, collected from 1934 to 2024. In addition to the well-known general recombination pattern with hotspots on the borders of the genome region that encodes capsid proteins VP2-VP3-VP1, we identified serotype-specific recombination patterns. A significant temporal signal required to analyze temporal dynamics was found in serotypes A, Asia1, O, and SAT1 in the VP2-VP3-VP1 genome region. To assess the lifetimes of FMDV recombinant forms, we compared these time-scaled phylogenetic trees with phylogenies for other genomic regions exchanged by recombination events. The median lifetimes of FMDV recombinant forms ranged from 2 to 18 years, depending on the serotype and the nonstructural genomic region involved in recombination. These timescales are comparable to human (+)RNA viruses, such as enteroviruses and caliciviruses. In distinct serotypes, recombination could be more frequent on the 5′ or 3′ border of the capsid-encoding genome region, without a uniform pattern. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus)
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11 pages, 1499 KB  
Article
FMDV VP3 Induces IL-10 Expression in Porcine Macrophages via PI3K Interaction and PI3K/AKT-mTOR Pathway Activation
by Yuling Li, Zijing Guo, Yan Zhang, Li Luo, Chunsai He, Qiqi Xia, Jingyuan Zhang, Zhidong Zhang and Yanmin Li
Viruses 2026, 18(1), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/v18010066 - 1 Jan 2026
Viewed by 694
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection elicits sustained, high-level interleukin-10 (IL-10) secretion in cattle and pigs, which correlates with lymphopenia and immunosuppression. We previously showed that macrophages are the principal source of IL-10 during FMDV infection in mice, but the viral trigger and host [...] Read more.
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection elicits sustained, high-level interleukin-10 (IL-10) secretion in cattle and pigs, which correlates with lymphopenia and immunosuppression. We previously showed that macrophages are the principal source of IL-10 during FMDV infection in mice, but the viral trigger and host pathways remained unknown. In the present study, we examined whether the FMDV structural protein VP3 regulates IL-10 expression. To this end, a eukaryotic VP3 expression vector was transfected into porcine alveolar macrophages (3D4/21 cells), and IL-10 expression together with related signaling pathways was interrogated by qRT-PCR, ELISA, Western blot, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), confocal microscopy, and luciferase reporter assays. The results showed that VP3 significantly increased IL-10 mRNA and protein levels (p < 0.001) in a time-dependent manner. Mechanistically, VP3 promoted phosphorylation of PI3K, AKT, and mTOR; this effect was abolished by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002, which also abrogated VP3-induced IL-10 secretion (p < 0.05). Furthermore, VP3 upregulated mRNA expression of STAT3, ATF1, and CREB (p < 0.05) and enhanced IL-10 promoter activity. The STAT3 inhibitor Stattic reduced IL-10 secretion by 22% (p < 0.05). Co-IP and confocal microscopy confirmed direct binding of VP3 to PI3K in the cytoplasm. In conclusion, FMDV VP3 induces IL-10 overexpression by directly activating the PI3K/AKT-mTOR signaling pathway, thereby elucidating a key mechanism of FMDV-induced immunosuppression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus)
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16 pages, 1728 KB  
Article
Phylogeographic and Host Interface Analyses Reveal the Evolutionary Dynamics of SAT3 Foot-And-Mouth Disease Virus
by Shuang Zhang, Jianing Lv, Yao Lin, Rong Chai, Jiaxi Liang, Yan Su, Zhuo Tian, Hanyu Guo, Fuyun Chen, Guanying Ni, Gang Wang, Chunmei Song, Baoping Li, Qiqi Wang, Sen Zhao, Qixin Huang, Xuejun Ji, Jieji Duo, Fengjun Bai, Jin Li, Shuo Chen, Xueying Pan, Qin La, Zhong Hong and Xiaolong Wangadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Viruses 2025, 17(12), 1641; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17121641 - 18 Dec 2025
Viewed by 766
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype SAT3 is a rarely studied serotype primarily circulating in southern Africa, with African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) serving as its key reservoir. In this study, we performed a comprehensive phylogenetic and phylodynamic analysis of SAT3 based on [...] Read more.
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype SAT3 is a rarely studied serotype primarily circulating in southern Africa, with African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) serving as its key reservoir. In this study, we performed a comprehensive phylogenetic and phylodynamic analysis of SAT3 based on 81 full-length VP1 gene sequences collected between 1934 and 2018. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses revealed five distinct topotypes, each with clear geographic and host associations. Notably, topotypes I, II and III were observed in both African buffalo and cattle (Bos taurus), while topotype IV appeared restricted to African buffalo. Likelihood mapping indicated moderate to strong phylogenetic signal, and the mean substitution rate was estimated at 3.709 × 10−3 substitutions/site/year under a relaxed molecular clock. The time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) was traced back to 1875. Discrete phylogeographic reconstruction identified Zimbabwe as a major center, with multiple supported cross-border transmission routes. Host transition analysis further confirmed strong directional flow from buffalo to cattle (BF = 1631.09, pp = 1.0), highlighting the wildlife–livestock interface as a key driver of SAT3 persistence. Together, these results underscore the evolutionary complexity of SAT3 and the importance of integrating molecular epidemiology, spatial modeling, and host ecology to inform FMD control strategies in endemic regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus)
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