Viral Diseases of Aquatic Animals: Crustaceans, Mollusks, Fish, Sea Turtles, and Marine Mammals

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2026 | Viewed by 924

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80539 München, Germany
Interests: veterinary science; aquatic animal medicine; viral infections; vaccines
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
Interests: aquatic animal health; marine mammals; fish diseases; sea turtle diseases; aquatic One Health; aquatic zoonoses

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Viral infections represent a major challenge to aquatic animal health, affecting invertebrates (crustaceans and mollusks), fish, sea turtles, and marine mammals. In aquaculture, emerging and re-emerging viral pathogens lead to substantial economic losses, while in wild populations, they pose significant conservation and ecological risks. Marine mammals are increasingly impacted by viral infections, with mortality events reported in pinniped and cetacean populations, raising concerns about potential zoonotic spillover. Sea turtles are also not exempt from the perils of viral diseases, which are a growing threat to the survival and conservation of multiple sea turtle species. Effective management of viral diseases across aquatic species relies on rapid and accurate diagnostics, robust biosecurity measures, and the development of vaccines and antiviral strategies. A thorough understanding of host–virus interactions and viral pathogenesis is critical to inform these interventions. This Special Issue presents high-quality original research and review articles on viral diseases and their control in aquatic animals. Contributions that explore practical disease management, translational approaches for aquaculture, and viral mitigation strategies in both cultured and wild populations, including marine mammals and sea turtles, are particularly encouraged.

Dr. Sohrab Ahmadivand
Dr. Ayanna Carla N. Phillips Savage
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • viral infections of marine mammals and sea turtles
  • fish viral diseases
  • mollusk and crustacean viral pathogens
  • emerging viruses in aquaculture and marine wildlife
  • disease diagnostics and detection
  • vaccines and antiviral immunity
  • epidemiology and biosecurity
  • host–virus interactions
  • viral pathogenesis
  • One Health and aquatic viruses

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

25 pages, 1174 KB  
Review
The Molecular Biology and Replication Cycle of Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus
by Daniela Espinoza, Jorge Gómez, Ana María Sandino, Sebastián Gonzalez-Catrilelbún and Andrea Rivas-Aravena
Viruses 2026, 18(4), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/v18040436 - 3 Apr 2026
Viewed by 597
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), a member of the family Birnaviridae, is a major pathogen of farmed salmonids and an important model in fish virology. Despite its small genome, which encodes only five viral proteins, IPNV exhibits complex molecular processes that govern [...] Read more.
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), a member of the family Birnaviridae, is a major pathogen of farmed salmonids and an important model in fish virology. Despite its small genome, which encodes only five viral proteins, IPNV exhibits complex molecular processes that govern genome expression, replication, and particle assembly. Comprehensive descriptions of the molecular biology and replication cycle of IPNV were largely established in reviews published in the mid-1990s, whereas more recent reviews have primarily focused on virulence determinants, epidemiology, or host–virus interactions. This review provides an updated synthesis of available experimental knowledge on the molecular biology of IPNV by integrating classical and recent studies addressing virion architecture, genome organization, and the functions of viral proteins. Particular attention is given to the molecular events involved in the viral replication cycle, including virus entry, genome transcription, translation and replication in the cytoplasm, polyprotein processing by the viral protease, and the coordination between genome replication and virion assembly. When appropriate, experimental observations from the related Avibirnavirus infectious bursal disease virus are considered to provide additional context for molecular mechanisms conserved within the family Birnaviridae. Together, these studies outline the current understanding of the molecular processes governing IPNV replication and morphogenesis. Full article
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