Filarial Infections in Humans: Advances in Epidemiology and Immunological Insights

A special issue of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (ISSN 2414-6366). This special issue belongs to the section "Vector-Borne Diseases".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 May 2026 | Viewed by 1163

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 63, Room 1G 003, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
Interests: human helminth infections; neglected tropical diseases; host-parasite interaction; murine filarial model

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are pleased to announce a forthcoming Special Issue dedicated to advancing the scientific understanding of filarial infections in humans, with a particular focus on cutting-edge research in epidemiology, immunology, and translational science.

Filarial diseases continue to pose a significant global health burden, particularly in endemic regions of the tropics and subtropics. This Special Issue will showcase recent progress in understanding the epidemiological landscape of these infections, including trends in geographical distribution, transmission dynamics, and disease control strategies. We invite contributions that explore the impacts of climate change, urbanisation, and public health interventions on the epidemiology and spread of filarial diseases.

A central theme of this Special Issue will be the investigation of host–parasite interactions and the immunological mechanisms that underpin filarial infection, persistence, and pathogenesis. We encourage submissions that elucidate how filarial parasites evade or manipulate host immune responses, as well as studies that identify biomarkers of infection, immune correlates of protection, or immunopathological outcomes associated with chronic disease.

This Special Issue will also highlight the critical role of murine filarial models in advancing our understanding of filarial biology and host immunity. These experimental systems continue to provide valuable insights into the molecular and cellular basis of parasite survival, immune modulation, and disease progression and serve as essential platforms for the preclinical evaluation of novel vaccines and therapeutics. In addition, the emerging use of organoid models—three-dimensional, stem-cell-derived in vitro systems that mimic human tissue architecture—offers an exciting new avenue for studying filarial development, tissue tropism, and host–parasite interactions in a physiologically relevant context. We particularly welcome studies employing organoid technology to explore novel aspects of filarial biology or to complement in vivo approaches.

We invite original research articles, comprehensive reviews, and short communications from a wide range of disciplines—including parasitology, immunology, molecular biology, epidemiology, tropical medicine, and drug development—that contribute to a more comprehensive and integrated understanding of filarial infections. By synthesising findings from both human studies and experimental models, this Special Issue will support global efforts toward the control, elimination, and eventual eradication of filarial diseases.

Dr. Manuel Ritter
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • filarial infections
  • epidemiology
  • immunology
  • host–parasite interactions
  • pathogenesis
  • murine filarial models

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 4334 KB  
Article
Impact of Wuchereria bancrofti Infection on Cervical Mucosal Immunity and Human Papillomavirus Prevalence in Women from Lindi and Mbeya Regions, Tanzania
by Maureen Mosoba, Thomas F. Marandu, Lucas Maganga, Jacklina Mhidze, Anifrid Mahenge, Jonathan Mnkai, Agatha Urio, Nhamo Chiwarengo, Liset Torres, Winfrida John, Abdallah Ngenya, Akili Kalinga, Upendo J. Mwingira, Manuel Ritter, Achim Hoerauf, Sacha Horn, Christof Geldmacher, Michael Hoelscher, Mkunde Chachage and Inge Kroidl
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(11), 317; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10110317 - 10 Nov 2025
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Abstract
We previously described an increased incidence of HIV among individuals infected with Wuchereria bancrofti (WB). However, no host, parasite, or viral factors were reported as directly associated with the increase in HIV incidence in this group. To investigate this, we compared T cell [...] Read more.
We previously described an increased incidence of HIV among individuals infected with Wuchereria bancrofti (WB). However, no host, parasite, or viral factors were reported as directly associated with the increase in HIV incidence in this group. To investigate this, we compared T cell phenotypes between WB+ and WB− women. Flow cytometry analysis of activation and differentiation markers on CD4 T cells, as well as HIV entry receptor CCR5 was performed on cervical and peripheral blood samples from 54 women living without HIV (WLWoH). Additionally, HPV testing was performed on their specimens and for 13 WLWH. WB infection was associated with a significantly increased frequency of CD3+γδ2+ T cells in the cervical mucosa (median 4.0% vs. 1.4%, p = 0.012). Contrary to our expectations, we found lower frequencies of CCR5 on total, memory and activated memory CD4 T cells in the WB+ group. However, differences diminished after accounting for age and site of recruitment. WB and HIV infections were associated with an increased likelihood of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR HPV) positivity. (WB status: odds ratio (OR) 4.1, p = 0.066; HIV status: OR 5.5, p = 0.068). Our findings suggest immunological mechanisms by which WB increases the risk for other infections, e.g., HIV and HR HPV, albeit independent of the CCR5 receptor. Full article
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6 pages, 522 KB  
Case Report
An Unusual Presentation of Human Parotid Filariasis
by Tanaya Siripoon, Suppachok Kirdlarp, Polrat Wilairatana, Viravarn Luvira, Prakaykaew Charunwatthana, Parnpen Viriyavejakul and Paron Dekumyoy
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(12), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10120340 - 1 Dec 2025
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Abstract
Human filariasis caused by Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi continues to circulate within Northern and Central Thailand and Southern Thailand, respectively. Major clinical presentations comprise lymphedema of extremities, hydrocele, funiculitis, orchitis, and tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. Microfilaria in other organs is rare. We report [...] Read more.
Human filariasis caused by Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi continues to circulate within Northern and Central Thailand and Southern Thailand, respectively. Major clinical presentations comprise lymphedema of extremities, hydrocele, funiculitis, orchitis, and tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. Microfilaria in other organs is rare. We report an unusual case of a 48-year-old woman from Southern Thailand with parotid filariasis presenting with chronic parotid gland enlargement. Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria was observed within cytologic smear samples from the swollen left parotid gland and subsequently confirmed via a positive filaria immunoblot. The patient’s condition was successfully resolved through administration of a triple regimen consisting of three antiparasitic medications. Full article
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