Toxics

18 pages, 6198 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Rapid Method for Detecting Microplastics Based on Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Technology (FLIM)

by Fang Zhou, Xin Wang, Guangxin Wang and Yanxia Zuo

Toxics 2022, 10(3), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10030118 - 2 Mar 2022

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 6799

With the increasing use and release of plastic products, microplastics have rapidly accumulated in ecological environments. When microplastics enter the food chain, they cause serious harm to organisms and humans. Microplastics pollution has become a growing concern worldwide; however, there is still no [...] Read more.

With the increasing use and release of plastic products, microplastics have rapidly accumulated in ecological environments. When microplastics enter the food chain, they cause serious harm to organisms and humans. Microplastics pollution has become a growing concern worldwide; however, there is still no standardized method for rapidly and accurately detecting microplastics. In this work, we used fluorescence lifetime imaging technology to detect four kinds of Nile red-stained and unstained microplastics, and the unique phasor fingerprints of different microplastics were obtained by phasor analysis. Tracing the corresponding pixels of the “fingerprint” in the fluorescence lifetime image allowed for the quick and intuitive identification of different microplastics and their location distributions in a mixed sample. In our work, compared with staining the four microplastics with a fluorescent dye, using the phasor “fingerprint library” formed by the autofluorescence lifetimes of the microplastics was more easily distinguished than microplastics in the mixed samples. The feasibility of this method was further tested by adding three single substances—SiO₂, chitin and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and surface sediments to simulate interferent in the environment, and the results providing potential applications for the identification and analysis of microplastics in complex environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Chemistry)

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32 pages, 1209 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Exposure to Metal Mixtures in Association with Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Outcomes: A Scoping Review

by Gyeyoon Yim, Yuting Wang, Caitlin G. Howe and Megan E. Romano

Toxics 2022, 10(3), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10030116 - 1 Mar 2022

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 6284

Abstract

Since the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) declared conducting combined exposure research as a priority area, literature on chemical mixtures has grown dramatically. However, a systematic evaluation of the current literature investigating the impacts of metal mixtures on cardiovascular disease (CVD) [...] Read more.

Since the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) declared conducting combined exposure research as a priority area, literature on chemical mixtures has grown dramatically. However, a systematic evaluation of the current literature investigating the impacts of metal mixtures on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and outcomes has thus far not been performed. This scoping review aims to summarize published epidemiology literature on the cardiotoxicity of exposure to multiple metals. We performed systematic searches of MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, and Web of Science to identify peer-reviewed studies employing statistical mixture analysis methods to evaluate the impact of metal mixtures on CVD risk factors and outcomes among nonoccupationally exposed populations. The search was limited to papers published on or after 1998, when the first dedicated funding for mixtures research was granted by NIEHS, through 1 October 2021. Twenty-nine original research studies were identified for review. A notable increase in relevant mixtures publications was observed starting in 2019. The majority of eligible studies were conducted in the United States (n = 10) and China (n = 9). Sample sizes ranged from 127 to 10,818. Many of the included studies were cross-sectional in design. Four primary focus areas included: (i) blood pressure and/or diagnosis of hypertension (n = 15), (ii) risk of preeclampsia (n = 3), (iii) dyslipidemia and/or serum lipid markers (n = 5), and (iv) CVD outcomes, including stroke incidence or coronary heart disease (n = 8). The most frequently investigated metals included cadmium, lead, arsenic, and cobalt, which were typically measured in blood (n = 15). The most commonly utilized multipollutant analysis approaches were Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR), weighted quantile sum regression (WQSR), and principal component analysis (PCA). To our knowledge, this is the first scoping review to assess exposure to metal mixtures in relation to CVD risk factors and outcomes. Recommendations for future studies evaluating the associations of exposure to metal mixtures with risk of CVDs and related risk factors include extending environmental mixtures epidemiologic studies to populations with wider metals exposure ranges, including other CVD risk factors or outcomes outside hypertension or dyslipidemia, using repeated measurement of metals to detect windows of susceptibility, and further examining the impacts of potential effect modifiers and confounding factors, such as fish and seafood intake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaluating Chemical Exposures and Toxicity of Complex Mixtures and Multiple Stressors)

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13 pages, 7602 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Removal of Hexavalent Chromium(VI) from Wastewater Using Chitosan-Coated Iron Oxide Nanocomposite Membranes

by Jung Eun Park, Jun-Ho Shin, Wonzin Oh, Sang-June Choi, Jeongju Kim, Chorong Kim and Jongho Jeon

Toxics 2022, 10(2), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10020098 - 19 Feb 2022

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 4898

Abstract

Chromium is a toxic and carcinogenic heavy metal that originates from various human activities. Therefore, the effective removal of chromium from aqueous solutions is an extremely important global challenge. Herein, we report a chitosan-coated iron oxide nanoparticle immobilized hydrophilic poly(vinylidene) fluoride membrane (Chi@Fe [...] Read more.

Chromium is a toxic and carcinogenic heavy metal that originates from various human activities. Therefore, the effective removal of chromium from aqueous solutions is an extremely important global challenge. Herein, we report a chitosan-coated iron oxide nanoparticle immobilized hydrophilic poly(vinylidene) fluoride membrane (Chi@Fe₂O₃–PVDF) which can potentially be used for efficient removal of hexavalent chromium(VI) by a simple filtration process. Membrane filtration is an easy and efficient method for treating large volumes of water in a short duration. The adsorption experiments were conducted by batch and continuous in-flow systems. The experimental data showed rapid capture of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) which can be explained by the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm model. The nanocomposite membrane exhibited high adsorption capacity for Cr(VI) (14.451 mg/g in batch system, 14.104 mg/g in continuous in-flow system). Moreover, its removal efficiency was not changed significantly in the presence of several competing ions, i.e., Cl⁻, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, and PO₄³⁻. Consequently, the Chi@Fe₂O₃-PVDF-based filtration process is expected to show a promising direction and be developed as a practical method for wastewater treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on the Removal of Pollutants by Nanomaterials)

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14 pages, 2968 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Removal of Polystyrene Microplastics from Aqueous Solution Using the Metal–Organic Framework Material of ZIF-67

by Hongyou Wan, Junkai Wang, Xiaoyu Sheng, Jingwei Yan, Wei Zhang and Ying Xu

Toxics 2022, 10(2), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10020070 - 4 Feb 2022

Cited by 105 | Viewed by 7777

Abstract

Due to the continuous and adverse effects of microplastics on the environment, an increasing number of studies have begun to focus on their migration patterns and removal from aquatic environments. Herein, our study innovatively evaluated the ability of the capacity of ZIF-67, a [...] Read more.

Due to the continuous and adverse effects of microplastics on the environment, an increasing number of studies have begun to focus on their migration patterns and removal from aquatic environments. Herein, our study innovatively evaluated the ability of the capacity of ZIF-67, a novel metal–organic framework (MOF) material, to adsorb polystyrene (PS) microplastics (MPs) from aqueous solutions, aiming to explore the potential of MOF materials to remove MPs from wastewater. The adsorption ratio of PSMPs (5 mg/L, 30 mL) by ZIF-67 reached up to 92.1%, and the PSMP adsorption equilibrium was achieved within 20 min at 298 K. The adsorption of PSMPs would be favored at a pH of 8, a PSMPs solution concentration of 5 mg/L, and a temperature of 298 K. Further analyses demonstrated that hydrogen bond interactions, π-π stacking, and electrostatic interactions played a crucial role in the adsorption of PSMPs by ZIF-67 in aqueous solutions. Our findings thus provide insight into novel methods to remove MPs from acidic and weakly alkaline aquatic environments and wastewater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Technologies to Decontaminate Pollutants in Water)

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17 pages, 3381 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

In Vitro Cyto- and Genotoxicity Assessment of Antibacterial Paints with Triclosan and Isoborneol

by Micaela Machado Querido, Fernanda Rosário, Maria João Bessa, Francisca Mendes, José Carlos Teixeira, João Paulo Teixeira and Cristiana Costa Pereira

Toxics 2022, 10(2), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10020058 - 27 Jan 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3540

Abstract

Surfaces with antimicrobial properties are gaining notoriety as an efficient method to avoid surface contamination. Self-disinfecting paints are a promising strategy towards cleaner indoor environments by preventing the colonization of walls with microorganisms. However, its widespread use needs an appropriate toxicological safety evaluation [...] Read more.

Surfaces with antimicrobial properties are gaining notoriety as an efficient method to avoid surface contamination. Self-disinfecting paints are a promising strategy towards cleaner indoor environments by preventing the colonization of walls with microorganisms. However, its widespread use needs an appropriate toxicological safety evaluation due to the potential for biological disturbance associated to its biocidal activity. In this work, the cyto- and genotoxic assessment of two self-disinfecting paints containing the antimicrobial substances triclosan (TCS) and isoborneol (ISB) is performed. HaCaT and A549 cell lines models were selected for the in vitro assessment. To evaluate the cytotoxicity, tests by direct contact and on extracts obtained from leaching were performed following ISO 10993, whereas the genotoxicity was assessed by comet assay and cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay. The results showed low levels of cyto- and genotoxicity under the models and conditions tested, indicating that these substances have commercial potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Toxicology)

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15 pages, 3806 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Neuronal and Astrocytic Morphological Alterations Driven by Prolonged Exposure with Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol but Not Cannabidiol

by Elisa Landucci, Costanza Mazzantini, Daniele Lana, Maria Grazia Giovannini and Domenico E. Pellegrini-Giampietro

Toxics 2022, 10(2), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10020048 - 21 Jan 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4452

Abstract

Cannabis derivatives are largely used in the general population for recreational and medical purposes, with the highest prevalence among adolescents, but chronic use and abuse has raised medical concerns. We investigated the prolonged effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) in organotypic hippocampal [...] Read more.

Cannabis derivatives are largely used in the general population for recreational and medical purposes, with the highest prevalence among adolescents, but chronic use and abuse has raised medical concerns. We investigated the prolonged effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) in organotypic hippocampal slices from P7 rats cultured for 2 weeks. Cell death in the CA1 subregion of slices was quantified by propidium iodide (PI) fluorescence, pre-synaptic and post-synaptic marker proteins were analysed by Western blotting and neurodegeneration and astrocytic alterations by NeuN and GFAP by immunofluorescence and confocal laser microscopy. The statistical significance of differences was analysed using ANOVA with a post hoc Dunnett w-test (PI fluorescence intensities and Western blots) or Newman–Keuls (immunohistochemistry data) for multiple comparisons. A probability value (P) of < 0.05 was considered significant. Prolonged (72 h) THC or CBD incubation did not induce cell death but caused modifications in the expression of synaptic proteins and morphological alterations in neurons and astrocytes. In particular, the expression of PSD95 was reduced following incubation for 72 h with THC and was increased following incubation with CBD. THC for 72 h caused disorganisation of CA1 stratum pyramidalis (SP) and complex morphological modifications in a significant number of pyramidal neurons and in astrocytes. Our results suggest that THC or CBD prolonged exposure induce different effects in the hippocampus. In particular, 72 h of THC exposure induced neuronal and glia alterations that must draw our attention to the effects that relatively prolonged use might cause, especially in adolescents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Poisoning Caused by Medicines and Drugs of Abuse)

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55 pages, 1931 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

PFAS Molecules: A Major Concern for the Human Health and the Environment

by Emiliano Panieri, Katarina Baralic, Danijela Djukic-Cosic, Aleksandra Buha Djordjevic and Luciano Saso

Toxics 2022, 10(2), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10020044 - 18 Jan 2022

Cited by 250 | Viewed by 41350

Abstract

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of over 4700 heterogeneous compounds with amphipathic properties and exceptional stability to chemical and thermal degradation. The unique properties of PFAS compounds has been exploited for almost 60 years and has largely contributed to their [...] Read more.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of over 4700 heterogeneous compounds with amphipathic properties and exceptional stability to chemical and thermal degradation. The unique properties of PFAS compounds has been exploited for almost 60 years and has largely contributed to their wide applicability over a vast range of industrial, professional and non-professional uses. However, increasing evidence indicate that these compounds represent also a serious concern for both wildlife and human health as a result of their ubiquitous distribution, their extreme persistence and their bioaccumulative potential. In light of the adverse effects that have been already documented in biota and human populations or that might occur in absence of prompt interventions, the competent authorities in matter of health and environment protection, the industries as well as scientists are cooperating to identify the most appropriate regulatory measures, substitution plans and remediation technologies to mitigate PFAS impacts. In this review, starting from PFAS chemistry, uses and environmental fate, we summarize the current knowledge on PFAS occurrence in different environmental media and their effects on living organisms, with a particular emphasis on humans. Also, we describe present and provisional legislative measures in the European Union framework strategy to regulate PFAS manufacture, import and use as well as some of the most promising treatment technologies designed to remediate PFAS contamination in different environmental compartments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental and Human Health Risk Assessment of POPs)

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30 pages, 9333 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Use of Nanotechnology to Mitigate Biofouling in Stainless Steel Devices Used in Food Processing, Healthcare, and Marine Environments

by Hugo Pérez, Gregorio Vargas and Rodolfo Silva

Toxics 2022, 10(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10010035 - 12 Jan 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4912

Abstract

In humid environments, the formation of biofilms and microfouling are known to be the detrimental processes that first occur on stainless steel surfaces. This is known as biofouling. Subsequently, the conditions created by metabolites and the activity of organisms trigger corrosion of the [...] Read more.

In humid environments, the formation of biofilms and microfouling are known to be the detrimental processes that first occur on stainless steel surfaces. This is known as biofouling. Subsequently, the conditions created by metabolites and the activity of organisms trigger corrosion of the metal and accelerate corrosion locally, causing a deterioration in, and alterations to, the performance of devices made of stainless steel. The microorganisms which thus affect stainless steel are mainly algae and bacteria. Within the macroorganisms that then damage the steel, mollusks and crustaceans are the most commonly observed. The aim of this review was to identify the mechanisms involved in biofouling on stainless steel and to evaluate the research done on preventing or mitigating this problem using nanotechnology in humid environments in three areas of human activity: food manufacturing, the implantation of medical devices, and infrastructure in marine settings. Of these protective processes that modify the steel surfaces, three approaches were examined: the use of inorganic nanoparticles; the use of polymeric coatings; and, finally, the generation of nanotextures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of the (Eco)Toxicity of Nanomaterials)

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16 pages, 3312 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Excess Zinc Supply Reduces Cadmium Uptake and Mitigates Cadmium Toxicity Effects on Chloroplast Structure, Oxidative Stress, and Photosystem II Photochemical Efficiency in Salvia sclarea Plants

by Ilektra Sperdouli, Ioannis-Dimosthenis S. Adamakis, Anelia Dobrikova, Emilia Apostolova, Anetta Hanć and Michael Moustakas

Toxics 2022, 10(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10010036 - 12 Jan 2022

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 4957

Abstract

Salvia sclarea L. is a Cd²⁺ tolerant medicinal herb with antifungal and antimicrobial properties cultivated for its pharmacological properties. However, accumulation of high Cd²⁺ content in its tissues increases the adverse health effects of Cd²⁺ in humans. Therefore, there is [...] Read more.

Salvia sclarea L. is a Cd²⁺ tolerant medicinal herb with antifungal and antimicrobial properties cultivated for its pharmacological properties. However, accumulation of high Cd²⁺ content in its tissues increases the adverse health effects of Cd²⁺ in humans. Therefore, there is a serious demand to lower human Cd²⁺ intake. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the mitigative role of excess Zn²⁺ supply to Cd²⁺ uptake/translocation and toxicity in clary sage. Salvia plants were treated with excess Cd²⁺ (100 μM CdSO₄) alone, and in combination with Zn²⁺ (900 μM ZnSO₄), in modified Hoagland nutrient solution. The results demonstrate that S. sclarea plants exposed to Cd²⁺ toxicity accumulated a significant amount of Cd²⁺ in their tissues, with higher concentrations in roots than in leaves. Cadmium exposure enhanced total Zn²⁺ uptake but also decreased its translocation to leaves. The accumulated Cd²⁺ led to a substantial decrease in photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry and disrupted the chloroplast ultrastructure, which coincided with an increased lipid peroxidation. Zinc application decreased Cd²⁺ uptake and translocation to leaves, while it mitigated oxidative stress, restoring chloroplast ultrastructure. Excess Zn²⁺ ameliorated the adverse effects of Cd²⁺ on PSII photochemistry, increasing the fraction of energy used for photochemistry (Φ_PSII) and restoring PSII redox state and maximum PSII efficiency (Fv/Fm), while decreasing excess excitation energy at PSII (EXC). We conclude that excess Zn²⁺ application eliminated the adverse effects of Cd²⁺ toxicity, reducing Cd²⁺ uptake and translocation and restoring chloroplast ultrastructure and PSII photochemical efficiency. Thus, excess Zn²⁺ application can be used as an important method for low Cd²⁺-accumulating crops, limiting Cd²⁺ entry into the food chain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heavy Metal Toxicity Effects on Plants)

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35 pages, 494 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Potentially Toxic Substances and Associated Risks in Soils Affected by Wildfires: A Review

by Maria Luisa Fernandez-Marcos

Toxics 2022, 10(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10010031 - 11 Jan 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4486

Abstract

The presence of toxic substances is one of the major causes of degradation of soil quality. Wildfires, besides affecting various chemical, physical, and biological soil properties, produce a mixture of potentially toxic substances which can reach the soil and water bodies and cause [...] Read more.

The presence of toxic substances is one of the major causes of degradation of soil quality. Wildfires, besides affecting various chemical, physical, and biological soil properties, produce a mixture of potentially toxic substances which can reach the soil and water bodies and cause harm to these media. This review intends to summarise the current knowledge on the generation by wildfires of potentially toxic substances, their effects on soil organisms, and other associated risks, addressing the effects of fire on metal mobilisation, the pyrolytic production of potentially toxic compounds, and the detoxifying effect of charcoal. Numerous studies ascertained inhibitory effects of ash on seed germination and seedling growth as well as its toxicity to soil and aquatic organisms. Abundant publications addressed the mobilisation of heavy metals and trace elements by fire, including analyses of total concentrations, speciation, availability, and risk of exportation to water bodies. Many publications studied the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and other organic pollutants in soils after fire, their composition, decline over time, the risk of contamination of surface and ground waters, and their toxicity to plants, soil, and water organisms. Finally, the review addresses the possible detoxifying role of charcoal in soils affected by fire. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Developments in Soil Ecotoxicology)

12 pages, 901 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Determination of Parabens, Bisphenol A and Its Analogs, Triclosan, and Benzophenone-3 Levels in Human Urine by Isotope-Dilution-UPLC-MS/MS Method Followed by Supported Liquid Extraction

by Hsin-Chang Chen, Jung-Wei Chang, Yi-Chen Sun, Wan-Ting Chang and Po-Chin Huang

Toxics 2022, 10(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10010021 - 6 Jan 2022

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3530

Abstract

The development of a rapid analytical approach for determining levels of antibacterial agents, plasticizers, and ultraviolet filters in biosamples is crucial for individual exposure assessment. We developed an analytical method to determine the levels of four parabens—bisphenols A (BPA) and its analogs, triclosan [...] Read more.

The development of a rapid analytical approach for determining levels of antibacterial agents, plasticizers, and ultraviolet filters in biosamples is crucial for individual exposure assessment. We developed an analytical method to determine the levels of four parabens—bisphenols A (BPA) and its analogs, triclosan (TCS), triclocarban, and benzophenone-3 (BP-3)—in human urine. We further measured the levels of these chemicals in children and adolescents. We used a supported liquid extraction (SLE) technique coupled with an isotope-dilution ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (ID-UPLC-MS/MS) method to assess the detection performance for these chemicals. Forty-one urine samples from 13 children and 28 adolescents were assessed to demonstrate the capability and feasibility of our method. An acceptable recovery (75.6–102.4%) and matrix effect (precision < 14.2%) in the three-level spiked artificial urine samples were achieved, and good performance of the validated ID-UPLC-MS/MS method regarding linearity, limits of detection, and quantitation was achieved. The within-run and between-run accuracy and precision also demonstrated the sensitivity and stability of this analytical method, applied after SLE. We concluded that the ID-UPLC-MS/MS method with SLE pretreatment is a valuable analytical method for the investigation of urinary antibacterial agents, plasticizers, and ultraviolet filters in humans, useful for human biomonitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plasticizer Exposure: Harmful Impact on Human Health)

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13 pages, 1385 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Critical Assessment of Clean-Up Techniques Employed in Simultaneous Analysis of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Fatty Samples

by Lucie Drábová, Darina Dvořáková, Kateřina Urbancová, Tomáš Gramblička, Jana Hajšlová and Jana Pulkrabová

Toxics 2022, 10(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10010012 - 1 Jan 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2938

Abstract

Interference of residual lipids is a very common problem in ultratrace analysis of contaminants in fatty matrices. Therefore, quick and effective clean-up techniques applicable to multiple groups of analytes are much needed. Cartridge and dispersive solid-phase extraction (SPE and dSPE) are often used [...] Read more.

Interference of residual lipids is a very common problem in ultratrace analysis of contaminants in fatty matrices. Therefore, quick and effective clean-up techniques applicable to multiple groups of analytes are much needed. Cartridge and dispersive solid-phase extraction (SPE and dSPE) are often used for this purpose. In this context, we evaluated the lipid clean-up efficiency and performance of four commonly used sorbents—silica, C18, Z-Sep, and EMR-lipid—for the determination of organic pollutants in fatty fish samples (10%) extracted using ethyl acetate or the QuEChERS method. Namely, 17 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 22 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), 13 brominated flame retardants (BFRs), 19 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in this study. The clean-up efficiency was evaluated by direct analysis in real time coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (DART-HRMS). The triacylglycerols (TAGs) content in the purified extracts were significantly reduced. The EMR-lipid sorbent was the most efficient of the dSPE sorbents used for the determination of POPs and PAHs in this study. The recoveries of the POPs and PAHs obtained by the validated QuEChERS method followed by the dSPE EMR-lipid sorbent ranged between 59 and 120%, with repeatabilities ranging between 2 and 23% and LOQs ranging between 0.02 and 1.50 µg·kg⁻¹. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Instrumental and Bioanalytical Methods for Food Contaminant Detection)

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3 pages, 186 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceEditorial

Cadmium Sources and Toxicity

by Soisungwan Satarug

Toxics 2019, 7(2), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics7020025 - 6 May 2019

Cited by 59 | Viewed by 7727

Abstract

This special issue of Toxics, Cadmium (Cd) sources and toxicity, consists of one comprehensive review [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cadmium Sources and Toxicity)

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