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Leveraging AI and Deep Learning for Smart Cities: Challenges, Opportunities, and Applications to Sustainable Development

A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Sustainable Urban and Rural Development".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2026 | Viewed by 471

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
COSYS-GRETTIA, University Gustave Eiffel, F-77447 Marne-la-Vallée, France
Interests: artificial intelligence; large reasoning model; deep learning; synthetic population generation; built environment evaluation for micromobility
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Instituto de Cibernética, Empresa y Sociedad, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
Interests: the application of data mining, evolutionary computation and parallel computing to intelligent transportation systems; traffic modeling and prediction
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue will investigate the transformative potential of artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning in smart cities and sustainability, focusing on how AI can optimize resource utilization, enhance data-driven decision-making, and foster innovation across diverse sectors.

This Special Issue will specifically examine the applications of AI and deep learning within key domains such as urban planning, energy management, environment, urban farming, and healthcare, demonstrating their potential to address the complex global challenges around Smart Cities and sustainability. In addition, this Special Issue will explore the ethical, legal, and regulatory dimensions associated with the implementation of AI in sustainability contexts. The scope of the articles may include, but is not limited to, the following:

  • Overview of AI and deep learning in sustainability and Smart Cities;
  • Studies mapping AI applications directly to specific SDGs (e.g., SDG 2: Zero Hunger; SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy; SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities);
  • Energy: climate modeling, carbon footprint analysis, and biodiversity monitoring;
  • Novel AI or deep learning models tailored for sustainability-related data (satellite imagery, time series, IoT data, street view imagery);
  • Energy systems: smart grids, demand forecasting, optimization, renewable energy integration;
  • Healthcare: early disease detection, health resource allocation, and epidemic modeling;
  • Urban farming and food security: precision farming, crop yield prediction, pest detection, soil health monitoring;
  • Smart Cities and the 15-minute city;
  • Urban planning and mobility: traffic management, pollution control, and green infrastructure design;
  • Environmental cost of large AI models: carbon footprint of training deep models;
  • Low-resource or energy-efficient AI techniques for sustainable applications;
  • Supply chain management: inventory management, resilience and risk prediction in supply networks, traceability, and circular economy models;
  • Challenges and ethical considerations: analysis of the ethical and social implications of AI;
  • Future directions and policy recommendations: barriers to scaling and lessons learned from pilot programs.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

You may choose our Joint Special Issue in Smart Cities.

Dr. Rachid Belaroussi
Dr. Nuno Datia
Dr. Javier J. Sanchez-Medina
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sustainability is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • artificial intelligence (AI)
  • sustainable development goals (SDGs)
  • deep learning
  • Internet of Things
  • big data analytics
  • computer vision
  • large language model
  • generative and agentic AI applications
  • ethical challenges

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

25 pages, 6533 KB  
Article
Fine-Grained Perception and Spatial Heterogeneity Analysis of Streetscapes Within Beijing’s 5th Ring Road Based on a Multi-Task Fine-Tuning Framework
by Yuhe Hu, Haiming Qin, Nan Chen, Linhe Song, Shuo Wang and Weiqi Zhou
Sustainability 2026, 18(11), 5256; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18115256 (registering DOI) - 23 May 2026
Abstract
Deep learning-powered Street View Imagery (SVI) analytics provides a critical mechanism for smart city perception within the framework of Sustainable Development Goal 11 (SDG 11), effectively bridging the gap left by traditional remote sensing in fine-grained street-level observation. Over the years, deep learning-based [...] Read more.
Deep learning-powered Street View Imagery (SVI) analytics provides a critical mechanism for smart city perception within the framework of Sustainable Development Goal 11 (SDG 11), effectively bridging the gap left by traditional remote sensing in fine-grained street-level observation. Over the years, deep learning-based semantic segmentation of urban streetscapes has become the dominant paradigm. However, when scaling to megacity measurements, current research faces the dual bottlenecks of “computational redundancy” and the “geographical domain shift” caused by the blind application of pre-trained models based on Western datasets. To address these challenges, this study is the first to systematically quantify the performance trade-off between Multi-Task Learning (MTL) and Single-Task Learning (STL) in megacity scenarios. Using this as a baseline, we constructed and validated a “low-computation, high-robustness” framework for streetscape semantic perception and spatial measurement. Relying on an integrated ResNeXt101-FPN MTL architecture and an ultra-low-cost fine-tuning strategy to overcome geographical domain shift, we extracted and analyzed the spatial heterogeneity of five core semantic elements—vegetation, sky, building, road, and vehicle—across the road network within Beijing’s 5th Ring Road. The results indicate the following: (1) We explicitly defined the computation-accuracy trade-off of MTL and STL in megacity perception. While utilizing only 1/5 of the parameters of STL, the MTL framework achieved a 5.34-fold increase in inference speed with a negligible 0.1% loss in overall mean Intersection over Union (mIoU); however, a 27.13% decrease in boundary segmentation accuracy was observed. (2) We established a low-cost, localized correction paradigm to overcome domain shift. Utilizing a minimal annotation cost (only 200 local images) significantly improved cross-domain adaptability, boosting the overall mIoU by 8.92% and significantly mitigating the geographical domain shift problem. (3) Multi-dimensional measurement and spatial analysis revealed a significant spatial decoupling pattern in Beijing’s streetscapes. The visual proportion of vegetation exhibited a pronounced “north-high, south-low” spatial differentiation, whereas built environment elements (e.g., building and road) displayed a typical “center-periphery” concentric gradient. This objectively reflects the spatial inequality of urban street greenery resources and the monocentric development characteristics of the built environment. The proposed framework therefore serves as a low-cost, AI-driven computational paradigm for smart city perception in resource-constrained regions. Furthermore, the revealed spatial heterogeneity offers data-driven insights for formulating sustainable urban renewal policies aligned with SDG 11. Full article
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