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Sustainability in Sport: When the Future of Sport Is Being Decided Now

A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2023) | Viewed by 21471

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Faculty of Sport Sciences, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 335, 91405 Orsay, France
Interests: sporting event; social impact; economic impact; destination branding; sport participation; sport federations

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Sport Sciences, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 335, 91405 Orsay, France
Interests: sport industry; professional sport; football marketing; internationalisation of sport; event management; sport sponsorship; stadium conception and management

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Sport is one of the most popular social activities in the world. It is also one of the most growing industries from an economic standpoint, with a +7% annual growth over the last 5 years (source: PwC, 2019). The sport sector is at the crossroads of economic, political, and social issues. For this reason, sport organizations have to consider sustainability a major concern. The year 2020 has particularly brought this question to light: postponement of the 2020 Olympic Games because of the pandemic, debates on stadium cooling at the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar, withdrawal of the sponsorship contract with Huawei by the French football player Antoine Griezmann, influence of the Black Lives Mater movement in sport, etc. What stands out from these examples is that, due to their high level of media exposure and their importance in many people’s everyday life, sport organizations have both a clear interest and a compelling duty to engage in sustainable initiatives (Trail and McCullough, 2019). This is why scholars have intensified their focus on sport-related sustainability issues over the last few years, notably within two main areas: (mega)-sporting events and professional sports.

First, the legacy of major sporting events has become a major issue (see Thomson, Cuskelly, Toohey, Kennelly, Burton, and Fredline, 2019). For instance, several authors aim to identify the social impact of such events (civic pride, sense of belonging, host-city image), as well as the influence on sport participation (hosting mega-events could positively influence sport participation and provide an answer to overweight, obesity, diabetes, or heart diseases). Others publications have assessed the environmental impact of these events (Olympic Games are known to emit 3.4 million tons of CO2, the Football World Cup emits 2.75 milion tons of CO2, etc.). Some others have also discussed the strategies of event managers to limit the negative impact, for instance, of encouraging public transportations, or considering sport facilities that can be dismantled after the event.

Professional sport clubs or franchises have followed a similar approach for the last 10 years (Trendafilova, Babiak, and Heinze, 2013). Because they gather, every week, thousands of fans in stadiums, because they travel thousands of kilometers every seasons, because they would like not to be perceived as sport organizations without any positive influence on people’s or fans’ everyday lives, they identify strategies to develop their organization in a sustainable manner.

This Special Issue focuses on sustainability in sport. Its general aim is to provide an up-to-date analysis in this field. Submissions should explicitly speak to one or more of the following themes:

  • Eco-conception and management of sport facilities;
  • Eco-conception of sporting goods;
  • Legacy of sporting events (social, environmental);
  • Sustainable volunteer management;
  • Sustainable sponsorship;
  • Cause-related marketing;
  • Engagement and greenwashing perception;
  • Engagement of governing bodies and sport federations;
  • Sustainable sport leisure and tourism.

References

Thomson, A., Cuskelly, G., Toohey, K., Kennelly, M., Burton, P., & Fredline, L. (2019). Sport event legacy: A systematic quantitative review of literature. Sport management review, 22(3), 295-321.

Trail, G. T., & McCullough, B. P. (2020). Marketing sustainability through sport: testing the sport sustainability campaign evaluation model. European Sport Management Quarterly, 20(2), 109-129.

Trendafilova, S., Babiak, K., & Heinze, K. (2013). Corporate social responsibility and environmental sustainability: Why professional sport is greening the playing field. Sport Management Review, 16(3), 298-313.

Dr. Christopher Hautbois
Prof. Dr. Michel Desbordes
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sustainability is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • sustainability
  • event
  • professional sport
  • leisure sport
  • sporting goods
  • sport facilities
  • sport federations

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 1561 KiB  
Article
Sustainability in Sport: Sport, Part of the Problem … and of the Solution
by Christopher Hautbois and Michel Desbordes
Sustainability 2023, 15(15), 11820; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511820 - 01 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2390
Abstract
Sport is one of the most popular social activities in the world. It is also one of the most thriving industries from an economic standpoint. The sport sector is at the crossroads of economic, political and social issues. For this reason, sport organisations [...] Read more.
Sport is one of the most popular social activities in the world. It is also one of the most thriving industries from an economic standpoint. The sport sector is at the crossroads of economic, political and social issues. For this reason, sport organisations have to consider sustainability as a major concern. When facing such major issues (environmental protection, social connections, the concern of business for society), sport can appear as the “most important insubstantial thing”. But it could be seen both as the best and the worst example in terms of sustainability. This article addresses two complementary objectives. The first one is to provide an overview of the current state of sustainability-in-sport research over the last 20 years and demonstrate how this field became a major topic in the last 10 years. This has been done through a systematic search of existing academic research concerning sustainability in sport. The second is to offer an explanation of how the field of sport currently manages different sustainability-related issues. This has been accomplished by interviewing an industry panel, which also gives some perspectives for the future. Full article
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16 pages, 748 KiB  
Article
Fan Responses of Sponsored Environmental Sustainability Initiatives
by Brian P. McCullough, Jonathan C. Casper and Danielle M. Kushner Smith
Sustainability 2022, 14(21), 14062; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114062 - 28 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1357
Abstract
The sport sector is advancing its efforts to be environmentally friendly. These efforts now include corporate sponsored environmental initiatives, yet fans’ responsiveness to such efforts remains unexamined. Specifically, in this study, the corporate-sponsored environmental initiatives of a college athletic department with an established [...] Read more.
The sport sector is advancing its efforts to be environmentally friendly. These efforts now include corporate sponsored environmental initiatives, yet fans’ responsiveness to such efforts remains unexamined. Specifically, in this study, the corporate-sponsored environmental initiatives of a college athletic department with an established history of environmental commitments were examined to evaluate the influence of a point of attachment, sport brand-sustainability fit, and receptivity to messaging on the sport organization’s desired outcomes of the campaign (i.e., sustainability behavioral, support for environmental initiative corporate partner). Data were collected from college football fans of an institution in the United States Midwest region using an internet-based survey after the 2019 football season (N = 548). We found that most of our hypotheses were supported. Specifically, attachment to athletics, athletics/sustainability fit, and ascription of responsibility to athletics explained 52.7% of the variance of receptivity to messaging from athletics. In turn, receptivity to sustainable messaging and behaviors explained 45.0% of the support for corporate partners. Our results show that sport practitioners should evaluate the ascription of responsibility their fans place on the sport organization to be environmentally responsible, increasing the receptivity of environmental messages and desired outcomes from such efforts. In addition, this study shows the versatility and applicability of the model to actual sponsored environmental sustainability campaigns of a sport organization. Full article
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18 pages, 678 KiB  
Article
Strategic Sustainable Development in International Sport Organisations: A Delphi Study
by Iva Glibo, Laura Misener and Joerg Koenigstorfer
Sustainability 2022, 14(16), 9874; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14169874 - 10 Aug 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2076
Abstract
The study aims to explore the consensus-level strategic priorities for sustainable development from the perspective of decision makers in organisations responsible for governing international sport and how they cluster within the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development. We employed the three-round Delphi study with [...] Read more.
The study aims to explore the consensus-level strategic priorities for sustainable development from the perspective of decision makers in organisations responsible for governing international sport and how they cluster within the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development. We employed the three-round Delphi study with decision makers from international sport organisations. Based on the 29 semi-structured interviews in the first round, we inductively generated items for questionnaires for the subsequent two rounds. The process yielded 20 items representing strategic priorities determined by 20 experts in the last round. The highest ranked item was normative change, in which sustainability is prioritised throughout all organisational strategies and actions. Moreover, planned efforts that are part of a long-term strategy and embedding sustainability requirements at the bidding phase of sport events were considered with high priority. The 20 items clustered into four out of five levels of the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development, namely system, success, strategic guidelines and actions. No items could be assigned to the framework’s tool level, potentially indicating gaps of strategic consideration. The findings from the Delphi study add a forecasting element to the research and practice of strategic sustainability in the management of sport by revealing consensus-level strategic priorities for the future. Full article
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15 pages, 281 KiB  
Article
Striving for Social Sustainability of Football Commercialization: An Ethnographic Case Study of the German Fan-Governed Club HFC Falke
by Christian Brandt and Markus Kurscheidt
Sustainability 2022, 14(15), 9230; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159230 - 28 Jul 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2449
Abstract
In several European countries, a new football fan type has emerged in recent years—the post-consumer fan. These fans break with commercialized football by founding their own clubs in order to incorporate their vision of football. This vision is antagonistic to commercialized “modern football”. [...] Read more.
In several European countries, a new football fan type has emerged in recent years—the post-consumer fan. These fans break with commercialized football by founding their own clubs in order to incorporate their vision of football. This vision is antagonistic to commercialized “modern football”. However, the newly founded clubs compete in the existing commercialized structures and need to generate financial capital. To date, little is known about how clubs deal with these contradictory goals. Based on a 27 month long ethnographic participant observation and ten semi-structured interviews, this article investigates how the members of the German club HFC Falke negotiated sponsoring and players’ wages. It highlights how the clubs implement alternative practices in order to remain close to their values while being competitive. As a result, they emphasize the democratic process, and implement normative guidelines. Some of the strategies are known from previous research on other clubs but during our research we also detected new strategies. The club and its members experiment with new practices, such as transparent payment based on effort and sponsoring used for the fans’ benefit (e.g., subsidies of beer prices on matchdays). Through these normative guidelines and practices, the clubs strive to establish a more sustainable football in commodified structures. The discussions in the club and its practices might also inspire debates on the future of professional football. Full article
20 pages, 704 KiB  
Article
(Un)Sustainable Human Resource Management in Brazilian Football? Empirical Evidence on Coaching Recruitment and Dismissal
by Matheus Galdino, Lara Lesch and Pamela Wicker
Sustainability 2022, 14(12), 7319; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127319 - 15 Jun 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3420
Abstract
A superficial attitude in football insists on blaming head coaches when games are lost. Controversially, however, whereas decision-makers in professional football clubs claim to seek successful outcomes on the pitch, they often favor questionable judgements that affect their organizational sustainability by recycling coaches [...] Read more.
A superficial attitude in football insists on blaming head coaches when games are lost. Controversially, however, whereas decision-makers in professional football clubs claim to seek successful outcomes on the pitch, they often favor questionable judgements that affect their organizational sustainability by recycling coaches without substantial analyses. Albeit scholars have stressed potential causes and consequences of coaching turnovers, specific knowledge is needed around the recruitment and dismissal steps faced by professional coaches, and to what extent their experiences mirror the theoretical background of human resource management in sport. This study poses the following research question: how do football clubs actually handle coaching recruitment and dismissal processes? Qualitative, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 26 elite coaches from Brazil, who had collectively been employed by all 43 clubs that participated in the Brasileirão from 2003 to 2020. Based on a deductive-inductive approach, the content analysis framed two categories (recruitment and dismissal stages) with three main themes (methods, decision-makers, and decision-making), which were sustained by specific subthemes. The results suggest how the recruitment, assessment, and replacement of head coaches neglect both a strategic and a sustainable rationale towards human resource management in Brazil’s elite football. Full article
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14 pages, 279 KiB  
Article
Motivations of Sports Volunteers at the 2023 European Games in Poland
by Mateusz Rozmiarek, Joanna Poczta and Ewa Malchrowicz-Mośko
Sustainability 2021, 13(11), 6406; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116406 - 04 Jun 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4283
Abstract
Volunteering is fundamental in the organization of sporting events of any rank, and there is no doubt that without volunteers, the realization of such events would not be possible. The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between selected socio-demographic factors (gender, [...] Read more.
Volunteering is fundamental in the organization of sporting events of any rank, and there is no doubt that without volunteers, the realization of such events would not be possible. The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between selected socio-demographic factors (gender, age, place of residence, professional activity, and—rarely researched—previous experience in sports volunteering) and the motivation of people who have signed up to be volunteers at the 2023 European Games in Poland. In total, 535 respondents completed the Olympic Volunteer Motivation Scale (OVMS) designed to assess the motivation of volunteers at multi-sport events in the Olympic tradition. A questionnaire survey was conducted among a group of students of the University of Physical Education in Krakow, who had signed up as volunteers via an online form. The respondents were required to provide data on their gender, age, place of residence, professional activities, and sports volunteering experience. The volunteers’ motivations did not differ with regard to gender, place of residence, and professional activity; however, significant differences were found with regard to sports volunteering experiences. The scores by respondents with previous experience in sports volunteering were the highest for the Olympic related, egoistic, and purposive scales of the OVMS. The research findings can be used by sports event organizers to improve the effectiveness of volunteer recruitment and management strategies. Understanding the factors that encourage potential candidates to volunteer may also facilitate collaboration with them during future events. Full article
19 pages, 307 KiB  
Article
Willingness-to-Pay for Environmental Measures in Non-Profit Sport Clubs
by Tim F. Thormann and Pamela Wicker
Sustainability 2021, 13(5), 2841; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052841 - 05 Mar 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2981
Abstract
To reduce global warming and climate change, the German government plans to implement a carbon tax, which will also affect sport organizations. This study investigates how much sport club members are willing to pay for environmental measures and how sport-specific, club-specific, environmental, and [...] Read more.
To reduce global warming and climate change, the German government plans to implement a carbon tax, which will also affect sport organizations. This study investigates how much sport club members are willing to pay for environmental measures and how sport-specific, club-specific, environmental, and socio-demographic factors are associated with their willingness-to-pay. In 2019 and 2020, active adult sport club members in five team/racket sports were sampled using an online survey in Germany (n = 3036). The contingent valuation method was applied to estimate sport club members’ willingness-to-pay for environmental measures. Regression analyses were employed to investigate a set of factors that are associated with club members’ decision to pay at all and the amount of willingness-to-pay. The results show that 64.3% of respondents reported a positive willingness-to-pay. The average willingness-to-pay for environmental measures amounts to EUR 14.53 per year and to EUR 22.59 for those reporting a positive willingness-to-pay. The results of t-tests show that club members stating a positive WTP differ significantly from members who are not willing to pay anything in terms of sport-specific, club-specific, environmental, and socio-demographic factors. The logistic regression results indicate that the likelihood of reporting a positive willingness-to-pay increases with increasing environmental consciousness, educational level, weekly practice hours, identification and satisfaction with the club, and subjective well-being, while age has a U-shaped effect. The results of a Tobit model show that the amount of willingness-to-pay is positively determined by environmental consciousness, educational level, and satisfaction with the club. The findings suggest that the majority of club members are willing to pay higher membership fees for the implementation of environmental measures in sport clubs. Increasing members’ level of environmental consciousness through educational initiatives represents a way for sport policy and sport managers to help increase financial support for environmental measures among club members. Full article
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