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Heavy-Metal Soil Contamination: Sources, Opportunities, and Sustainable Solutions

A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Sustainability and Applications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 March 2026 | Viewed by 3036

Special Issue Editor

Civil Engineering Department, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
Interests: soil and groundwater contamination; potentially toxic elements
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue will offer an interdisciplinary perspective and apply new insights to examine soil contamination and promote environmentally sustainable management. This challenge necessitates the development of diverse and comprehensive (multi-media, multi-analytic, and multi-elemental) approaches to assessing and preventing pollution. With urban growth and the ongoing expansion of populations into abandoned industrial, mining, urban, traffic, and military areas, innovative technologies for soil modeling processes and remediation represent an increasingly important research topic.

We welcome the submission of papers on the occurrence, migration, and accumulation of rare-earth elements and potentially toxic elements in soils and dust (from the street, attic, or household), originating from various natural sources (e.g., volcanic activity, forest fires, soil erosion, and biological materials) and anthropogenic sources (e.g., vehicular emissions, industry, metallurgy, mining, and combustion). Sustainability is a new priority in the remediation of contaminated land. Research on the behavior and spatial distribution of both native and non-native potentially harmful elements in soils is essential to the restoration of contaminated sites. The potential of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and deep learning (DL) to tackle these challenges is significant, as the advent of these technologies has transformed data management and analysis processes.

Dr. Pedro Tume
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sustainability is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

  • potentially toxic elements
  • polluted area
  • health risk assessment
  • soil and groundwater contamination

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 3052 KB  
Article
Cocoa and Coffee By-Products for Cadmium Remediation: An Approach to Sustainable Cocoa Cultivation in Colombian Soils
by Lida Yaneth Maldonado-Mateus, Ana Cervera-Mata, José Ángel Rufián-Henares, Gabriel Delgado, Juan Manuel Martín-García and Silvia Pastoriza
Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8381; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188381 - 18 Sep 2025
Viewed by 224
Abstract
For the successful commercialization of cocoa in the global market, ensuring product quality and compliance with regulations—such as EU regulation, which established maximum cadmium (Cd) levels for cocoa products—is essential. Moreover, cocoa cultivation in Colombian soils, an alternative to coca cultivation, is in [...] Read more.
For the successful commercialization of cocoa in the global market, ensuring product quality and compliance with regulations—such as EU regulation, which established maximum cadmium (Cd) levels for cocoa products—is essential. Moreover, cocoa cultivation in Colombian soils, an alternative to coca cultivation, is in many cases an unsustainable practice due to soil degradation, which is accompanied by a drastic decrease in soil organic carbon content. This study evaluated the use of a nature-based solution for cadmium remediation in cocoa cultivation soils by applying three organic amendments: biochar derived from cocoa pod shells (Cocoachar), spent coffee grounds (SCGs), and SCG-derived biochar (SCGchar). The effects of these organic amendments, applied at rates of 5, 10, and 15% (w/w), were evaluated in an in vitro incubation experiment (climate chamber) using soil samples collected from Zulia (mountain soils) and Tibú (alluvial soils), located in the Catatumbo region of Norte de Santander (Colombia). Soil analyses included available Cd concentrations (by atomic absorption spectroscopy), physicochemical properties (pH, organic matter, electrical conductivity), and other mineral elements. The results showed that Cocoachar significantly reduced Cd concentrations while enhancing soil quality, particularly by increasing pH and improving soil organic matter content. The application of 15% Cocoachar reduced Cd levels from 0.056 to 0.012 mg kg−1 and increased soil pH from 6.3 to 7.0 in Zulia. In Tibú, the addition of 15% Cocoachar lowered Cd levels from 0.12 to 0.05 mg kg−1 and raised the pH from 5.0 to 6.1. SCGchar primarily enhanced soil organic carbon, increasing its content from 1.87% to 2.35% in Zulia and from 0.66% to 1.53% in Tibú, thereby supporting ecological balance and sustainable soil fertility. Overall, the recycling of cocoa and coffee by-products into biochar offers a solution within the circular economy and a sustainable way to cultivate cocoa. This in vitro exploratory study must be confirmed with field trials and Cd analyses in cocoa beans. Full article
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16 pages, 909 KB  
Article
Is the Soil in Allotment Gardens Healthy Enough?—Relation Between Organic Matter Content and Selected Heavy Metals
by Dariusz Gruszka, Katarzyna Szopka, Iwona Gruss and Maja Złocka
Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7424; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167424 - 16 Aug 2025
Viewed by 668
Abstract
This study was conducted in nine allotment garden complexes in Wrocław, West Poland (Central Europe). Soil samples were collected from each garden and analyzed for their total concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd, alongside the percentage of organic carbon C. Contaminant levels [...] Read more.
This study was conducted in nine allotment garden complexes in Wrocław, West Poland (Central Europe). Soil samples were collected from each garden and analyzed for their total concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd, alongside the percentage of organic carbon C. Contaminant levels varied widely between sites: Zn ranged from 101.1 to 3464.5 mg/kg, Cu from 24.93 to 322.45 mg/kg, Cd from 0.51 to 6.31 mg/kg, and Pb from 19.92 to 401.85 mg/kg. The highest metal contamination was found for the garden complex placed on the former impact of the Hutmen. The organic carbon content ranged from 2.12% to 7.64%, indicating substantial variability in organic matter levels across the studied sites. This variability may significantly influence the soils’ capacity to retain heavy metals. A significant positive correlation was observed between soil organic carbon and the total concentrations of Pb, Cu and Zn, suggesting that soils richer in organic matter may retain higher levels of heavy metals. These findings underscore the dual role of organic matter as both a beneficial soil component and a potential contributor to heavy metal retention in urban garden soils. Protecting and enhancing SOM in polluted soils is a beneficial strategy, remediating environmental damage while aligning with global sustainability goals. Full article
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22 pages, 3900 KB  
Article
Evaluating the Share of Atmospheric Deposition of Priority Pollutants Cadmium and Lead in Soil Pollution with the Use of Ombrotrophic Peat Bogs as Natural Archives
by Ewa Miszczak, Sebastian Stefaniak, Eiliv Steinnes and Irena Twardowska
Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10709; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310709 - 6 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1193
Abstract
Sustainable soil resource management requires detailed knowledge of soil pollution sources and their share in total pollution level. Spatial pollution caused by the total cumulative atmospheric deposition remains largely unknown, as the biggest pollutant emissions occurred in XIX/XX centuries. The use of ombrotrophic [...] Read more.
Sustainable soil resource management requires detailed knowledge of soil pollution sources and their share in total pollution level. Spatial pollution caused by the total cumulative atmospheric deposition remains largely unknown, as the biggest pollutant emissions occurred in XIX/XX centuries. The use of ombrotrophic peatlands that are specific isolated ecosystems fed only through atmospheric deposition may serve as its natural archives. Accumulation of Cd and Pb from atmospheric deposition in undisturbed soil layers in relation to their total deposited cumulative loads recorded in the ombrotrophic peat bog was exemplified in the Izera Mountains, an area historically heavily affected with the transboundary long-range transmission of pollutants from Germany, the Czech Republic, and Poland. Balance of deposited Cd and Pb loads in soil in relation to the total cumulative deposition determined from peat records showed 30% depletion of Cd load in the soil profile due to washout of mobile phases, while that of Pb practically did not decline. The deposited element accumulation and release/depletion in undisturbed soil profiles can thus be quantified in relation to the total cumulative load of atmospheric deposition. This shows a new prospective application of peat bog records as monitors of total cumulative loads of trace elements supplied to soils from atmospheric deposition. Full article
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