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Advances in Communication Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Sensor Networks".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 October 2026 | Viewed by 2012

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
Interests: wireless sensors networks; real-time communication protocols; real-time distributed/networked embedded systems; advanced industrial real-time automation systems; security of real-time networked systems; IoT; advanced microcomputers and embedded systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The main objective of this Special Issue is to provide researchers with a platform to disseminate their innovative works on advances in communication protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The focus of this Special Issue spans across critical application domains, including industrial systems, smart cities, the Internet of Things (IoT), environmental monitoring, healthcare, etc.

The field of WSN communication protocols is evolving rapidly, driven by developments in terms of real-time, energy efficiency, security, scalability, and integration with emerging technologies such as IoT and 5G.

We invite original contributions on, but not limited to, the following topics:

  • Classification of Communication Protocols:
    • MAC, routing, transport, and cross-layer protocols.
  • Energy-Efficient Communication Protocols:
    • Duty cycling and sleep scheduling;
    • Clustering techniques for energy savings;
    • Advanced protocols for ultra-low-energy networks.
  • Security in Communication Protocols:
    • Secure routing protocols;
    • Cryptographic techniques for secure communication;
    • Detection and mitigation of attacks.
  • Protocol Adaptation for Specific Applications:
    • Real-time communication protocols for critical systems;
    • Protocols for IoT integration;
    • Machine learning-based protocol enhancements.
  • Scalability and Heterogeneity:
    • Handling dense networks;
    • Protocols for heterogeneous sensor nodes.
  • Performance Metrics and Evaluation:
    • Theoretical, simulation, and real-world implementation case studies.
  • Future Directions and Emerging Trends:
    • Integration with 5G and beyond;
    • AI-driven and machine learning techniques in communication protocols;
    • Protocols for underwater and aerial WSNs.

Prof. Dr. Stavros Koubias
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • real time
  • energy efficiency
  • security
  • heterogeneity
  • application-specific protocols
  • AI and machine learning in communication protocols
  • IoT

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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20 pages, 2211 KB  
Article
Enhanced Secretary Bird Optimization Algorithm for Energy-Efficient Cluster Head Selection in Wireless Sensor Networks
by Ketty Siti Salamah, Dadang Gunawan and Ajib Setyo Arifin
Sensors 2026, 26(5), 1732; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26051732 - 9 Mar 2026
Viewed by 412
Abstract
Cluster Head (CH) selection is a crucial process in clustered Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) because it directly affects energy balance and network lifetime. However, CH selection is an NP-hard optimization problem, and many metaheuristic-based methods suffer from limited search diversity and premature convergence, [...] Read more.
Cluster Head (CH) selection is a crucial process in clustered Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) because it directly affects energy balance and network lifetime. However, CH selection is an NP-hard optimization problem, and many metaheuristic-based methods suffer from limited search diversity and premature convergence, leading to uneven energy dissipation. This paper formulates CH selection as a multi-criteria energy-aware optimization problem and proposes an Enhanced Secretary Bird Optimization Algorithm (ESBOA). The proposed ESBOA improves the original Secretary Bird Optimization Algorithm by integrating logistic chaotic map-based population initialization to enhance early-stage exploration and an iterative local search mechanism to strengthen solution refinement in later iterations. A multi-criteria fitness function considering residual energy, distance to the base station, and node degree explicitly guides the optimization toward energy-efficient clustering. The proposed method is implemented in a Python 3.11.9-based simulation framework using a first-order radio energy model and evaluated against standard SBOA, Crested Porcupine Optimization (CPO), and Dung Beetle Optimization (DBO). Simulation results demonstrate that ESBOA preserves more alive nodes, maintains higher residual energy, delivers more cumulative packets to the base station, and extends network lifetime, achieving approximately 3–13% improvement in last node death (LND) compared with the standard SBOA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Communication Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks)
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29 pages, 3425 KB  
Article
An ns-3 Evaluation Framework for Receiver-Initiated MAC Protocols with Configurable Enhancement Modules Across Various Network Scenarios
by Tomoya Murata, Shinji Sakamoto and Takashi Kawanami
Sensors 2026, 26(1), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26010164 - 26 Dec 2025
Viewed by 938
Abstract
Receiver-initiated MAC protocols, such as the IEEE 802.15.4e RIT scheme, are promising for energy-efficient communication in multi-hop wireless sensor networks. However, their practical use requires a better understanding of how multiple contention-avoidance mechanisms interact under realistic network conditions. This study develops an ns-3 [...] Read more.
Receiver-initiated MAC protocols, such as the IEEE 802.15.4e RIT scheme, are promising for energy-efficient communication in multi-hop wireless sensor networks. However, their practical use requires a better understanding of how multiple contention-avoidance mechanisms interact under realistic network conditions. This study develops an ns-3 implementation of an RIT-compliant receiver-initiated MAC protocol together with a flexible evaluation framework that enables selective activation of representative enhancement strategies, including carrier-sensing options for data and beacon transmissions and randomization of beacon intervals. Four realistic network scenarios were designed to simulate practical deployment settings. Simulation results revealed that the effectiveness of these enhancement strategies varied significantly depending on network load and topology. In particular, beacon interval randomization, although often assumed to improve robustness, was found to degrade performance under low-load conditions, indicating that even widely adopted mechanisms may behave differently depending on operational environments. Conversely, CSMA-based approaches provided consistent improvements in transmission reliability. These observations highlight the importance of considering environmental factors and parameter configurations when enabling enhancement mechanisms. Overall, the proposed platform provides a reproducible and unified environment for fair comparison of receiver-initiated MAC protocols and their optional mechanisms, offering practical insights for selecting appropriate configurations in real sensor network deployments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Communication Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks)
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