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Smart Antennas for Future Communications
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Smart Antennas for Future Communications

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Communications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 August 2023) | Viewed by 16350

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Joao Nuno Matos

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Instituto de Telecomunicações, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
Interests: smart antennas; array antenna; rf-front-end; rf-mw electronics; wireless power transfer
Dr. Tiago Varum

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Instituto de Telecomunicações, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
Interests: antenna design; smart antennas; microstrip antenna arrays; beamforming

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues, 

In a world of uncertainty, technology continues to open up new horizons. It is expected that in the near future, 5G networks will be widely deployed, more and bigger satellite constellations will be launched, and the foundations for 6G will be laid, with the purpose of universal connectivity. IoT promises to link 100 billion devices to enable effective cooperation between the various actors. It can easily be understood that the information obtained through sensors can be strongly complemented by data provided by the objects being tracked.

In this world, which is nearby, smart or adaptive antennas have a fundamental role. The smart antenna, as a transmitter, will have the fundamental characteristic of directing the wave to the receiving target, reducing the electromagnetic pollution generated to a minimum. As a receiver, however, it has to be focused on the wave heading towards it and put out the remaining spectral environment.

Spatial, temporal and frequency diversion can, among others, compete to obtain adequate results. To achieve these goals, we will have to leverage smart antennas.

Dr. Joao Nuno Matos
Dr. Tiago Varum
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • smart antennas
  • adaptive antennas
  • beamforming
  • MIMO
  • 5G
  • 6G
  • new space communications

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 8546 KiB  
Article
A Miniaturized Tri-Band Implantable Antenna for ISM/WMTS/Lower UWB/Wi-Fi Frequencies
by Anupma Gupta, Vipan Kumar, Shonak Bansal, Mohammed H. Alsharif, Abu Jahid and Ho-Shin Cho
Sensors 2023, 23(15), 6989; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156989 - 07 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1208
Abstract
This study aims to design a compact antenna structure suitable for implantable devices, with a broad frequency range covering various bands such as the Industrial Scientific and Medical band (868–868.6 MHz, 902–928 MHz, 5.725–5.875 GHz), the Wireless Medical Telemetry Service (WMTS) band, a [...] Read more.
This study aims to design a compact antenna structure suitable for implantable devices, with a broad frequency range covering various bands such as the Industrial Scientific and Medical band (868–868.6 MHz, 902–928 MHz, 5.725–5.875 GHz), the Wireless Medical Telemetry Service (WMTS) band, a subset of the unlicensed 3.5–4.5 GHz ultra-wideband (UWB) that is free of interference, and various Wi-Fi spectra (3.6 GHz, 4.9 GHz, 5 GHz, 5.9 GHz, 6 GHz). The antenna supports both low and high frequencies for efficient data transfer and is compatible with various communication technologies. The antenna features an asynchronous-meandered radiator, a parasitic patch, and an open-ended square ring-shaped ground plane. The antenna is deployed deep inside the muscle layer of a rectangular phantom below the skin and fat layer at a depth of 7 mm for numerical simulation. Furthermore, the antenna is deployed in a cylindrical phantom and bent to check the suitability for different organs. A prototype of the antenna is created, and its reflection coefficient and radiation patterns are measured in fresh pork tissue. The proposed antenna is considered a suitable candidate for implantable technology compared to other designs reported in the literature. It can be observed that the proposed antenna in this study has the smallest volume (75 mm3) and widest bandwidth (181.8% for 0.86 GHz, 9.58% for 1.43 GHz, and 285.7% for the UWB subset and Wi-Fi). It also has the highest gain (−26 dBi for ISM, −14 dBi for WMTS, and −14.2 dBi for UWB subset and Wi-Fi) compared to other antennas in the literature. In addition, the SAR values for the proposed antenna are well below the safety limits prescribed by IEEE Std C95.1-1999, with SAR values of 0.409 W/Kg for 0.8 GHz, 0.534 W/Kg for 1.43 GHz, 0.529 W/Kg for 3.5 GHz, and 0.665 W/Kg for 5.5 GHz when the applied input power is 10 mW. Overall, the proposed antenna in this study demonstrates superior performance compared to existing tri-band implantable antennas in terms of size, bandwidth, gain, and SAR values. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Antennas for Future Communications)
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19 pages, 17400 KiB  
Article
Phased Array Antenna Analysis Workflow Applied to Gateways for LEO Satellite Communications
by Irene Merino-Fernandez, Sunil L. Khemchandani, Javier del Pino and Jose Saiz-Perez
Sensors 2022, 22(23), 9406; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239406 - 02 Dec 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4399
Abstract
Nowadays, mega-constellations of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites have become increasingly important to provide high-performance Internet access with global coverage. This paper provides an updated comparison of four of the largest LEO mega-constellations: Telesat, SpaceX, OneWeb and Amazon. It describes the gateway design [...] Read more.
Nowadays, mega-constellations of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites have become increasingly important to provide high-performance Internet access with global coverage. This paper provides an updated comparison of four of the largest LEO mega-constellations: Telesat, SpaceX, OneWeb and Amazon. It describes the gateway design workflow from the patch antenna to phased array analysis. Patch antennas are developed for both transmission and reception after a thorough examination of the four systems. The results of electromagnetic simulation using Advanced Design Software (ADS) Momentum are shown, including their radiation pattern. Finally, a model of the gateway phased array using SystemVue is obtained using hexagonal, circular, and square arrays. According to the required effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) and gain, the antenna sizes for the four constellations are estimated. As an example, for SpaceX constellation, a reception antenna with 8910 radiating elements using a hexagonal distribution with a gain of 46.9 dB and a sensitivity of −113.1 dBm was obtained. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Antennas for Future Communications)
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24 pages, 1065 KiB  
Article
Analysis of OSTBC-OFDM Combined with Dual-Polarization and Time-Diversity in Millimeter-Wave MIMO Channels with Rain Distortions
by Avner Elgam, Yossi Peretz and Yosef Pinhasi
Sensors 2022, 22(19), 7182; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22197182 - 22 Sep 2022
Viewed by 1293
Abstract
Various destructive weather and physical phenomena affect many parameters in the radio layer (i.e., affecting the wireless paths Over-The-Air (OTA)) of many outdoor-to-outdoor wireless systems. These destructive effects create polarization torsion and rotation of the signals propagating in space and cause the scattering [...] Read more.
Various destructive weather and physical phenomena affect many parameters in the radio layer (i.e., affecting the wireless paths Over-The-Air (OTA)) of many outdoor-to-outdoor wireless systems. These destructive effects create polarization torsion and rotation of the signals propagating in space and cause the scattering of wireless spatial paths. The direct meaning is a significant degradation in system performance, especially in the Quality-of-Service (QoS). Under these challenging scenarios, intelligent utilization of advanced Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) techniques such as polarization-diversity and time-diversity at the transmitter, as well as at the receiver, and intelligent use of the Cross-Polarization-Isolation (XPI) mechanism, are essential. We prove that combining these techniques with the tuning of the XPI of the antennas creates optimal conditions in the wireless MIMO channels. This combination does not only improve the system’s performance, but also turns the destructive physical phenomena in the spatial-domain, into an advantage. In this article, we focus on formulating a wireless communication MIMO model in millimeter-Wave (mmWave) channels under rain distortions. We demonstrate the optimal use of combining Orthogonal-Space-Time-Coding (OSTBC) and Maximal-Ratio-Receive-Combiner (MRRC) with cross-polarization diversity techniques, that utilize the tuning of the XPI. An analytical exact optimal solution is proposed, that allows the tuning of the leading parameters to achieve global optimal performance, in terms of channel-capacity and Bit-Error-Rate (BER). In addition, we propose a process of approximation of feedback-closed-loop-MIMO. The feedback is employed between the transmitter and the receiver, in the scenario of changes in the channel-response-matrix in-between successive symbol-times. The feedback was designed to acheive global-maximum channel-capacity, while preserving the channel-path orthogonality in order to minimize the BER. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Antennas for Future Communications)
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24 pages, 13116 KiB  
Article
A Frequency Reconfigurable MIMO Antenna with Bandstop Filter Decoupling Network for Cognitive Communication
by Hashinur Islam, Saumya Das, Tanweer Ali, Tanushree Bose, Om Prakash and Pradeep Kumar
Sensors 2022, 22(18), 6937; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22186937 - 14 Sep 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2233
Abstract
A compact reconfigurable MIMO antenna was developed for cognitive radio applications in this research work. A bandstop filter-based decoupling network was employed in this MIMO antenna to keep mutual coupling at a minimum. A single PIN diode was connected in the filter configuration [...] Read more.
A compact reconfigurable MIMO antenna was developed for cognitive radio applications in this research work. A bandstop filter-based decoupling network was employed in this MIMO antenna to keep mutual coupling at a minimum. A single PIN diode was connected in the filter configuration for the purpose of reconfiguration. Controlling the ON/OFF conditions of the PIN diode, it became possible to achieve a MIMO operating frequency of 4.75 GHz in mode 1 and 1.77 GHz in mode 2, respectively. At 4.75 GHz, isolation was 42.68 dB, while at 1.77 GHz, isolation was 26.52 dB. The proposed reconfigurable MIMO antenna achieved a peak gain and radiation efficiency of 6.63 dBi and 92.04 percent in mode 1 and 4.41 dBi and 89.64 percent in mode 2. MIMO characteristics such as an envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) less than 0.253, diversity gain (DG) greater than 9.675 dB, a mean effective gain (MEG) measurement ratio of less than 0.00388 dB, and channel capacity loss (CCL) of less than 0.06528 bits/s/Hz were measured for both operational frequency bands. To make it simple to integrate into small wireless devices, the overall size of the antenna is limited to 48 mm×24 mm 0.28 λ0×0.12 λ0. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Antennas for Future Communications)
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16 pages, 12412 KiB  
Article
A Novel Design and Development of a Strip-Fed Circularly Polarized Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna for 5G NR Sub-6 GHz Band Applications
by Usman Illahi, Javed Iqbal, Muhammad Irfan, Mohamad Ismail Sulaiman, Muhammad Abbas Khan, Abdul Rauf, Inam Bari, Mujeeb Abdullah, Fazal Muhammad, Grzegorz Nowakowski and Adam Glowacz
Sensors 2022, 22(15), 5531; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22155531 - 25 Jul 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2078
Abstract
In this article, a rectangular dielectric resonator antenna (RDRA) with circularly polarized (CP) response is presented for 5G NR (New Radio) Sub-6 GHz band applications. A uniquely shaped conformal metal feeding strip is proposed to excite the RDRA in higher-order mode for high [...] Read more.
In this article, a rectangular dielectric resonator antenna (RDRA) with circularly polarized (CP) response is presented for 5G NR (New Radio) Sub-6 GHz band applications. A uniquely shaped conformal metal feeding strip is proposed to excite the RDRA in higher-order mode for high gain utilization. By using the proposed feeding mechanism, the degenerate mode pair of the first higher-order, i.e., TEδ13x at 4.13 GHz and TE1δ3y,  at 4.52 GHz is excited to achieve a circularly polarized response. A circular polarization over a bandwidth of ~10%, in conjunction with a wide impedance matching over a bandwidth of ~17%, were attained by the antenna. The CP antenna proposed offers a useful gain of ~6.2 dBic. The achieved CP bandwidth of the RDRA is good enough to cover the targeted 5G NR bands around 4.4–4.8 GHz, such as n79. The proposed antenna configuration is modelled and optimized using computer simulation technology (CST). A prototype was built to confirm (validate) the performance estimated through simulation. A good agreement was observed between simulated and measured results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Antennas for Future Communications)
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Review

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46 pages, 13498 KiB  
Review
Flexible Antennas for a Sub-6 GHz 5G Band: A Comprehensive Review
by Deepthi Mariam John, Shweta Vincent, Sameena Pathan, Pradeep Kumar and Tanweer Ali
Sensors 2022, 22(19), 7615; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22197615 - 08 Oct 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4363
Abstract
The ever-increasing demand and need for high-speed communication have generated intensive research in the field of fifth-generation (5G) technology. Sub-6 GHz 5G mid-band spectrum is the focus of the researchers due to its meritorious ease of deployment in the current scenario with the [...] Read more.
The ever-increasing demand and need for high-speed communication have generated intensive research in the field of fifth-generation (5G) technology. Sub-6 GHz 5G mid-band spectrum is the focus of the researchers due to its meritorious ease of deployment in the current scenario with the already existing infrastructure of the 4G-LTE system. The 5G technology finds applications in enormous fields that require high data rates, low latency, and stable radiation patterns. One of the major sectors that benefit from the outbreak of 5G is the field of flexible electronics. Devices that are compact need an antenna to be flexible, lightweight, conformal, and still have excellent performance characteristics. Flexible antennas used in wireless body area networks (WBANs) need to be highly conformal to be bent according to the different curvatures of the human body at different body parts. The specific absorption rate (SAR) must be at a permissible level for such an antenna to be suited for WBAN applications. This paper gives a comprehensive review of the current state of the art flexible antennas in a sub-6 GHz 5G band. Furthermore, this paper gives a key insight into the materials for a flexible antenna, the parameters considered for the design of a flexible antenna for 5G, the challenges for the design, and the implementation of a flexible antenna for 5G. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Antennas for Future Communications)
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