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Recent Advances in Silicon Photonic Sensors

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Physical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 September 2026 | Viewed by 1407

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory on Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Institute of Semiconductors Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Interests: silicon-based optoelectronics; CMOS photonic integration; monolithic integration of microelectronics and optoelectronics; silicon-based optoelectronic devices; graphene two-dimensional material optoelectronic devices; silicon microelectronic devices
School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an, China
Interests: silicon-based optoelectronics; monolithic integration of microelectronics and optoelectronics; silicon photonic circuits for spectrum sensing
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Silicon photonic sensors have emerged as a transformative enabling technology in the era of miniaturized, high-performance sensing systems, leveraging compatibility with mature CMOS manufacturing processes, exceptional sensitivity, low power consumption, and inherent integration capabilities. These sensors are now integral to a diverse range of cutting-edge applications: in optical communication, they are integrated with data transmission modules to enable real-time link monitoring and wavelength stabilization; in biomedical engineering, they facilitate label-free molecular detection, single-cell analysis, and wearable health monitoring; in environmental and industrial sectors, they support trace gas analysis, precision temperature/pressure measurement; and in autonomous systems, they serve as core components of solid-state LiDAR for obstacle recognition and environmental perception.

At the same time, silicon photonic measurements are known to be degraded by inherent challenges, such as on-chip insertion loss, thermal drift and cross-sensitivity to external vibrations. These issues can lead to reduced measurement accuracy, unstable long-term performance, and barriers to cost-effective mass production. To address these limitations, silicon photonic sensor signals are increasingly combined with complementary technologies—including heterogeneous material integration and advanced signal processing. Innovative design paradigms are being developed to enhance robustness; machine learning algorithms have emerged as a powerful tool for real-time calibration. These advances collectively aim to minimize the impact of technical bottlenecks on the performance of silicon photonic sensing systems.

This Special Issue aims to gather novel developments in the field of silicon photonic sensors, encompassing both groundbreaking methodological advances and pioneering results in real-world applications. 

Dr. Beiju Huang
Dr. Zan Zhang
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • on-chip silicon photonic sensor design
  • heterogeneous integration of silicon photonics with III-V semiconductors, 2D materials, or microfluidics
  • high-sensitivity detection schemes
  • thermal, vibration, and electromagnetic interference robustness optimization
  • machine learning/AI-aided sensor calibration, error mitigation, and data analysis
  • biomedical applications
  • environmental/industrial sensing
  • silicon photonic-based LiDAR systems
  • silicon photonic circuits for spectrum sensing

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

22 pages, 3318 KB  
Article
High-Performance SiPM Detection Module for Ultra-Fast Time-Resolved Measurements
by Gennaro Fratta, Piergiorgio Daniele, Ivan Labanca, Michele Penna, Giulia Acconcia, Alberto Gola and Ivan Rech
Sensors 2026, 26(10), 3072; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26103072 - 13 May 2026
Viewed by 327
Abstract
Today, the rapid progress in non-invasive light–matter interaction analysis is transforming the landscape of biomedical and life sciences driven by low-intensity light detection technologies. As the complexity of photonic applications continues to grow, the importance of single-photon detection techniques becomes pivotal. Among them, [...] Read more.
Today, the rapid progress in non-invasive light–matter interaction analysis is transforming the landscape of biomedical and life sciences driven by low-intensity light detection technologies. As the complexity of photonic applications continues to grow, the importance of single-photon detection techniques becomes pivotal. Among them, Time-Correlated Single-Photon Counting (TCSPC) has become the gold standard for precise, time-resolved reconstruction of rapid and faint optical signals. However, TCSPC has long been constrained by pile-up distortion, which worsens with increasing acquisition speed, typically limiting it to 5% of the excitation frequency. To overcome the operational constraints of conventional implementations, a novel TCSPC acquisition methodology has been introduced, independent of photodetector dead time, excitation intensity, and prior optical signal knowledge, still enabling distortion-free reconstruction of the measured light profiles. In this context, the development of single-photon detectors with short dead time and low timing jitter becomes crucial. This work presents a single-photon detection module based on a Silicon Photomultiplier, which delivers 750 ps FWHM output pulses with a 33.5 ps RMS IRF. Its performance is showcased through fluorescence measurements employing the constraint-free TCSPC methodology, achieving a photon count rate up to 166% of the excitation frequency with a minimal lifetime estimation error of just −1.46%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Silicon Photonic Sensors)
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17 pages, 5553 KB  
Article
Silicon Photonic On-Chip Spectrometer Based on Cascaded Mach–Zehnder Interferometer
by Yating Cui, Ye Yuan, Zan Zhang and Beiju Huang
Sensors 2026, 26(5), 1470; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26051470 - 26 Feb 2026
Viewed by 720
Abstract
Spectrometers are essential tools for revealing the interaction between light and matter and analyzing the composition and state of materials, widely employed in scientific research, industrial inspection, and biomedicine applications. With the continuous expansion of application scenarios, higher demands are placed on the [...] Read more.
Spectrometers are essential tools for revealing the interaction between light and matter and analyzing the composition and state of materials, widely employed in scientific research, industrial inspection, and biomedicine applications. With the continuous expansion of application scenarios, higher demands are placed on the miniaturization, integration, and portability of spectrometers. This paper proposes and implements a reconfigurable silicon photonic on-chip spectrometer based on cascaded multi-stage Mach–Zehnder interferometers (MZIs). This structure achieves efficient sampling of the input spectrum by applying adjustable phase shifts to each MZI stage to construct different spectral responses. Combined with a convex optimization algorithm incorporating differential operators, the unknown input signals are decomposed into sparse and smooth components, achieving high-accuracy reconstruction. Experimental results show that the proposed five-stage MZI design with a total of 216 sampling channels achieves a spectral reconstruction resolution of 5 pm over the wavelength range from 1500 nm to 1600 nm. Moreover, the spectrometer exhibits consistently low reconstruction errors for broadband spectra, sparse spectra, and their hybrid spectral profiles. This research demonstrates excellent comprehensive performances in device structure design, phase modulation strategy, and reconstruction algorithm, providing an effective solution for realizing low-power, small-footprint, and high-precision on-chip spectral analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Silicon Photonic Sensors)
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