Divine Encounters: Exploring Religious Themes in Literature

A special issue of Religions (ISSN 2077-1444).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2025) | Viewed by 19812

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of German and Slavic Philology, University Complutense of Madrid, Aravaca, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Interests: medieval Slavonic literature; Slavic pre-Christian religion; Christianization of the Slavs; apocalyptic literature; myth criticism

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Guest Editor
Department of German and Slavic Philology, University Complutense of Madrid, Aravaca, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Interests: imagology; symbolism; travel literature; Russian silver age literature; apocalyptic literature

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The study of Religion and Literature is a research field that has boomed in recent years, reflecting the increasing interest of society in the Sciences of Religions. In this Special Issue, we would like to provide a forum for discussion on the relations between two crucial human concerns: the religious impulse and the literary forms of any era, place, or language. Moreover, the development of studies on Mythological Criticism and the definition of myth as an encounter of the divine in the human sphere (Losada 2022) has shown that literature can be an important resource for the study of the role of religion in culture and society.

With this aim, we are pleased to invite you to submit essays that consider the literature of any time or place in conjunction with important mythological, religious, or theological issues that emerge from the literary text or that illuminate it. This Special Issue is also open to receiving essays in which mythology, religion, and/or theology is elucidated, extended, or challenged by literature. No mythological, religious, or theological perspective will be excluded. Furthermore, the articles can deal with a wide range of religious characters, myths, rituals, themes, motifs, plots, ideas, aesthetics, etc., as shown in literary works belonging to any genre.

In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following:

  • Sciences of Religions
  • Comparative Religions and Literatures
  • Theology
  • Mythological Criticism
  • Mythology

We request that prior to submitting a manuscript, interested authors initially submit a proposed title and an abstract of 200-300 words summarizing their intended contribution. Please send the proposal to the Guest Editor or to the Assistant Editor of Religions. Abstracts will be reviewed by the Guest Editor for the purposes of ensuring a proper fit within the scope of the Special Issue. Full manuscripts will undergo double-blind peer review.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Best regards,

References:

Auden, W.H. “Postscript: Christianity and Art.” The Dyer’s Hand and Other Essays. New York: Random House, 1962. 456-461.

Blodgett, Jan. Protestant Evangelical Literary Culture and Contemporary Society. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press, 1997.

Bockting, Ineke, Jennifer Kilgore-Caradec, Cathy Parcs. Editors. Poetry and Religion: Figures of the Sacred. Bern: Peter Lang, 2013.

Brown, Frank Burch, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Religion and the Arts. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.

Donoghue, Denis. Adam’s Curse: Reflections on Religion and Literature. University of Notre Dame Press, 2001.

Eliot, T.S. “Religion and Literature.” Selected Essays, 1917-1932. London: Faber & Faber, 1951. 388-401.

Felch, Susan, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Literature and Religion. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016.

Franke, William. Poetry and Apocalypse: Theological Disclosures of Poetic Language. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2008.

Hill, Geoffrey. “Poetry and ‘Menace’ and ‘Atonement.’” The Lords of Limit. Collected Critical Writings. Ed. Kenneth Haynes. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. 1-20.

—–. Style and Faith. New York: Counterpoint, 2003.

Knight, Mark, ed. The Routledge Companion to Literature and Religion. New York: Routledge, 2016.

Küng, Hans, Walter Jens. Literature and Religion: Pascal, Gryphius, Lessing, Hölderlin, Novalis, Kierkegaard, Dostoyevsky, Kafka. Translated, Peter Heinegg. New York: Paragon House, 1991.

Losada, José Manuel. Mitocrítica cultural. Una definición del mito. Madrid: Akal, 2022.

Myers, Benjamin P. A Poetics of Orthodoxy: Christian Truth as Aesthetic Foundation. Wipf and Stock, 2021.

Tolstoy, Leo. What is Art? [1897] Translated by Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky. London: Penguin, 1997.

Weidner, Daniel, ed. Handbuch Literatur und Religion. Stuttgart: Metzler, 2016.

Ziolkowski, Eric. “Axial Age Theorising and the Comparative Study of Religion and Literature.” Literature & Theology. 28.2 (2014): 129-150.

Ziolkowski, Eric. “Religion and Literature: History and Method.” Brill Research Perspectives in Religion and the Arts. 3.1 (2019): 1-112.

——. Religion and Literature: History and Method. Leiden: Brill, 2020.

Ziolkowski, Eric Jozef, and Anthony C. Yu. Literature, Religion, and East/West Comparison. Newark, NJ: University of Delaware Press, 2005.

Dr. Enrique Santos Marinas
Dr. Svetlana Maliavina
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • sciences of religions
  • theology
  • epiphanies
  • theophanies
  • literature
  • mythology
  • myth criticism

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 317 KB  
Article
Veiled Expressions of the Sacred: Ghazal, Genre, and Mystical Experience in Neshāṭī’s Poetry
by Muhammed Tarik Ablak
Religions 2026, 17(3), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel17030371 - 16 Mar 2026
Viewed by 432
Abstract
This article examines how religious experience is articulated through genre in the poetry of the seventeenth-century Ottoman Mawlawī shaykh Neshāṭī (d. 1674), focusing on the striking contrast between his ghazals and non-ghazal compositions. While Neshāṭī’s qaṣīdas, mathnawīs and other formal genres employ an [...] Read more.
This article examines how religious experience is articulated through genre in the poetry of the seventeenth-century Ottoman Mawlawī shaykh Neshāṭī (d. 1674), focusing on the striking contrast between his ghazals and non-ghazal compositions. While Neshāṭī’s qaṣīdas, mathnawīs and other formal genres employ an explicit and direct religious language—addressing God, the Prophet, sacred figures, and doctrinal themes—his ghazals are dominated by imagery of wine, love, and the beloved, which at first glance appears markedly profane. Rather than reading this contrast as a sign of secularization or doctrinal inconsistency, the article argues that it reflects a conscious poetic strategy shaped by the expressive style of the ghazal. Through a close reading of Neshāṭī’s Dīwān, the study demonstrates that religious meaning in ghazals is not absent but deliberately rendered implicit. Drawing on motifs such as the mirror, secret (sirr), annihilation (fanāʾ fīʾllāh), and states of spiritual contraction, Neshāṭī transforms the language of human love into a vehicle for divine experience. In this context, the ghazal emerges as a genre particularly suited to conveying religious meaning through ambiguity, emotional intensity, and symbolic indirection rather than overt doctrinal exposition. By situating Neshāṭī within both the Mawlawī tradition and the aesthetics of Sabk-i Hindī, this article highlights how genre manifests religious expression in Ottoman poetry. It proposes that divine encounter in Neshāṭī’s work is realized less through explicit theological discourse than through the affective and symbolic potential of the ghazal. In doing so, the study offers a new reading of Neshāṭī’s poetry and contributes to broader discussions on the relationship between literary/lyrical genre, mysticism, and religious experience in Islamic literary traditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Divine Encounters: Exploring Religious Themes in Literature)
26 pages, 450 KB  
Article
The Discrete Antisystem and a Negative Worldview in Criminal Activity Based on Mastering Time
by Jewgienij Zubkow
Religions 2026, 17(2), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel17020205 - 9 Feb 2026
Viewed by 733
Abstract
The mechanisms of aim-setting and decision-making in criminal activity as a four-level hierarchical structure were presented for the Russian criminals known as ‘vory v zakonie’. The first level represents a basic concept of saving one’s own life, borrowed from the Torah. The second [...] Read more.
The mechanisms of aim-setting and decision-making in criminal activity as a four-level hierarchical structure were presented for the Russian criminals known as ‘vory v zakonie’. The first level represents a basic concept of saving one’s own life, borrowed from the Torah. The second level, the ‘Thieves’ Law’, is a set of mental models that has much in common with the adaptation and misinterpretation of old religious and legal systems. The third level is a set of general concepts and ideas about what Good or Evil is in the form of words called ‘Notions’. These levels have no material form; they reflect themselves in models of behaviour and argot as a collective output. The fourth level in the material form of page-long ‘secrete messages’, containing some models of behaviour, are the ‘Frames’ (how to behave in imprisonment), wherein the ‘Vory’s Commandments’ (how to behave at large for young criminals) do not belong to the criminal ideology. This criminal ideology, a discrete antisystem, is enriched by the three ideas found in old religious and legal systems proposed as the ‘fifth feeling of Time’: the memory of the soul in the endless time being awoken after reincarnation, making the past as if it never happened, and knowing the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Divine Encounters: Exploring Religious Themes in Literature)
26 pages, 335 KB  
Article
Myth, Religion, and Narrative: The Tree Cult in Post-1980 Turkish Literature
by Ali Sait Yağar, Nükte Sevim Derdiçok and İbrahim Özen
Religions 2026, 17(2), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel17020191 - 4 Feb 2026
Viewed by 910
Abstract
From past to present, the tree has functioned as a powerful symbol associated with birth, life, death and belief systems across cultures. In relation to cosmic order and divine connection, it has often been conceptualized as a cosmic entity. The tree cult, while [...] Read more.
From past to present, the tree has functioned as a powerful symbol associated with birth, life, death and belief systems across cultures. In relation to cosmic order and divine connection, it has often been conceptualized as a cosmic entity. The tree cult, while sharing universal features rooted in religion and mythology, also carries distinctive meanings within Turkish cultural tradition. Drawing on this framework, this article examines the use of mythological elements in post-1980 Turkish literature through the lens of the tree cult. It first discusses the religious and mythological foundations of the motif and its specific manifestations in Turkish culture. The analysis then focuses on selected works by nine prominent authors—Murathan Mungan, Pınar Kür, Sevinç Çokum, İhsan Oktay Anar, Hasan Ali Toptaş, Orhan Pamuk, Latife Tekin, Murat Gülsoy, and Nazan Bekiroğlu—whose writings display strong representational capacity. Through thematic and textual analysis, the study explores how the tree cult is integrated into these literary works and offers a panoramic perspective on the relationship between mythology and literature in contemporary Turkish narratives. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Divine Encounters: Exploring Religious Themes in Literature)
34 pages, 406 KB  
Article
Vitalism Re-Visited: From Percy Bysshe Shelley to Contemporary Eco-Poetics
by Asunción López-Varela Azcárate
Religions 2026, 17(2), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel17020163 - 30 Jan 2026
Viewed by 1520
Abstract
This paper reconfigures the theme of divine encounters in the literature by examining the intersection of pantheism, vitalism, and ecological imagination, with a particular focus on Percy Bysshe Shelley. Far from depicting the divine as transcendent, Shelley envisions it as an immanent force [...] Read more.
This paper reconfigures the theme of divine encounters in the literature by examining the intersection of pantheism, vitalism, and ecological imagination, with a particular focus on Percy Bysshe Shelley. Far from depicting the divine as transcendent, Shelley envisions it as an immanent force permeating nature, matter, and life itself. In poems such as “Queen Mab”, “Mont Blanc”, “Hymn to Intellectual Beauty”, “Ode to the West Wind”, or “The Cloud” Shelley translates vitalist science into poetic vision, challenging orthodox religious beliefs and contemplating the divine as inherent in natural processes. The study also situates Shelley’s thought within a broader genealogy that extends through John Ruskin’s vitalist aesthetics, Henri Bergson’s élan vital, and into contemporary posthumanist philosophy, neomaterialism and ecocriticism, along with scholars who have contributed to reviving and transforming vitalist traditions, reframing human-nonhuman relations in the Anthropocene. The paper shows the importance of the Romantic period in the development of vitalist approaches in various fields of knowledge, anticipating ecological concerns. The study is framed as a genealogical and epistemological problem attempting to articulate connections while situating poetic practice as a privileged site where vitalism is negotiated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Divine Encounters: Exploring Religious Themes in Literature)
27 pages, 410 KB  
Article
From Turkish Mythology to Alevi–Bektashi Sacred Narratives: A Phenomenological Analysis of Animal Imagery
by Haktan Kaplan
Religions 2026, 17(2), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel17020155 - 29 Jan 2026
Viewed by 1223
Abstract
In this study, which focuses on animal symbolism in Alevi–Bektashi menakıpnames (hagiographies), the objective was to investigate animal symbolism, which is not unfamiliar but not fully understood. In this context, the study examined Abdal Musa Velayetnamesi, Menakıbu’l Kudsiyye, Demir Baba Velayetname, Hacı Bektaş [...] Read more.
In this study, which focuses on animal symbolism in Alevi–Bektashi menakıpnames (hagiographies), the objective was to investigate animal symbolism, which is not unfamiliar but not fully understood. In this context, the study examined Abdal Musa Velayetnamesi, Menakıbu’l Kudsiyye, Demir Baba Velayetname, Hacı Bektaş Veli Velayetname, Hacım Sultan Menakıpname, Koyun Baba Velayetname, Otman Baba Velayetname, Saltıkname, Seyyid Ali Sultan Velayetname, Şuaceddin Veli Velayetname, and Veli Baba Menakıpname. This study, which aims to reveal the animals featured in Alevi–Bektashi menakıpnames and the symbolic perceptions attributed to them, uses phenomenology (the study of phenomena) from qualitative research designs. Within the scope of the research, data was collected through secondary sources, and elements considered meaningful and thought to contain animal symbolism were identified and presented in the findings section through direct and indirect transfers. The analysis revealed that the following animals are used as symbolic animals in the aforementioned menakıpnames and menkıbes: horse, deer, sheep, ram, lion, wolf, dog, pig, crane, pigeon, rooster, snake/dragon, salamander, crocodile, fish, and ox. Although animals such as wolves and sheep have taken on different functions and symbolic meanings under the influence of Islamic tradition, all other animals have retained their symbolic meanings in Turkish mythology in Alevi–Bektashi legends. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Divine Encounters: Exploring Religious Themes in Literature)
14 pages, 341 KB  
Article
Hidden Behind Homonymy: Infamy or Sanctity?
by Jewgienij Zubkow
Religions 2025, 16(7), 836; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16070836 - 25 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1157
Abstract
This research focuses on the ideological sphere of criminals with the highest status in the Russian Federation. This ideological sphere was studied in literary sources of various kinds on the basis of repeatability (the existence of linguistic facts) and averaging (external and internal [...] Read more.
This research focuses on the ideological sphere of criminals with the highest status in the Russian Federation. This ideological sphere was studied in literary sources of various kinds on the basis of repeatability (the existence of linguistic facts) and averaging (external and internal confrontation of sources). It is suggested that, in speech, there exist some selective overinterpretations of world religions that neglect basic elements of the traditional law-abiding picture of the world and that are directly based on literary fiction instead of the scientific literature. On the other hand, there can be some search for faith connected with the belief in spiritual knowledge from the dead, divine beings, and God. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Divine Encounters: Exploring Religious Themes in Literature)
16 pages, 4110 KB  
Article
Imitatio Dei, Imitatio Darii: Authority, Assimilation and Afterlife of the Epilogue of Bīsotūn (DB 4:36–92)
by Gad Barnea
Religions 2025, 16(5), 597; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16050597 - 6 May 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3377
Abstract
The Bīsotūn inscription of Darius I (DB) is a masterpiece of ancient literature containing descriptions of historical events, imperial propaganda, cultic statements, ethical instructions, wisdom insights, blessings and curses, and engagements with posterity. It was disseminated far and wide within the empire and [...] Read more.
The Bīsotūn inscription of Darius I (DB) is a masterpiece of ancient literature containing descriptions of historical events, imperial propaganda, cultic statements, ethical instructions, wisdom insights, blessings and curses, and engagements with posterity. It was disseminated far and wide within the empire and left a lasting impression on the cultures with which it came into contact. However, a specific section of this royal inscription (DB 4:36–92), carefully crafted to address future audiences in the second person, stands out sharply from the rest of the text. This passage has made a striking, profound, and durable impression on future generations—which extended over the longue durée in both time and space. This article focuses on the decisive cultic theme undergirding DB in general and its fourth column in particular namely, the king’s profound sense of imitatio dei in the cosmic battle against “the Lie,” complemented by his appeal to an imitatio Darii by all future audiences of his words. The impact of this call can be traced in later literature: in a DB variant found at Elephantine and, most notably, a hitherto unknown exegetical legend found in Qumran, which seeks to explain this portion of DB through an Achaemenid court tale. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Divine Encounters: Exploring Religious Themes in Literature)
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11 pages, 2136 KB  
Article
Prophet Elijah as a Weather God in Church Slavonic Apocryphal Works
by Enrique Santos Marinas
Religions 2024, 15(8), 996; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15080996 - 16 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3610
Abstract
The prophet Elijah took over the role of the Slavic pre-Christian god Perun as a weather god among the East and South Slavs in the period of syncretism just after the Christianization. We can find several examples of this in the twelfth-century Primary [...] Read more.
The prophet Elijah took over the role of the Slavic pre-Christian god Perun as a weather god among the East and South Slavs in the period of syncretism just after the Christianization. We can find several examples of this in the twelfth-century Primary Chronicle or Tale of Bygone Years. However, unlike other characters from the Old Testament, Elijah was not honored with extensive translations of full apocryphal works, except for a group of Church Slavonic apocryphal fragments. Nonetheless, some original works devoted to the prophet Elijah were composed, such as the encomium attributed to St. Clement of Ohrid (9th–10th c.) or the Chants from the Orthodox Soul devoted to the Apocalyptic role of the prophet (15th c.). Along these lines, we will compare the latter with the extant apocryphal fragments in order to establish the possible influence of the apocryphal works, as well as identify original Slavic motifs that could date back to the pre-Christian period. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Divine Encounters: Exploring Religious Themes in Literature)
11 pages, 250 KB  
Article
Nikolai Leskov’s Eccentric Wanderers and the Tradition of Religious Wandering in Russia
by Marta Łukaszewicz
Religions 2024, 15(8), 951; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15080951 - 6 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2234
Abstract
The motif of travel has always been popular, and the metaphor of life as a path remains extremely powerful. Both seem to be especially important within Christian culture because of the image of Christ the Wanderer, who “has no place to lay his [...] Read more.
The motif of travel has always been popular, and the metaphor of life as a path remains extremely powerful. Both seem to be especially important within Christian culture because of the image of Christ the Wanderer, who “has no place to lay his head”, an image that influenced the growing popularity of pilgrimages and religiously motivated wandering. The latter became particularly widespread in Russian culture and resulted in numerous representations of wandering people in Russian art and literature. In my article, I focus on literary representations of wanderers in the oeuvre of Nikolai Leskov, whose works are abundant with these types of characters. I argue that the writer portrays his wanderers as ambivalent eccentrics who combine elements characteristic of diverse types of travelers, both religious and secular. To prove my hypothesis, I combine traditional literary analysis of Leskov’s texts with the examination of cultural and religious practices of Russian wandering. As I demonstrate, the complexity and multifacetedness of the writer’s wanderers correspond with Russian reality, where the boundary between pilgrims and vagrants was also blurred. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Divine Encounters: Exploring Religious Themes in Literature)
17 pages, 277 KB  
Article
Home, History, and the Postsecular: A Literary–Religious Inquiry of Disgrace
by Liang Dong
Religions 2024, 15(7), 842; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15070842 - 12 Jul 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2049
Abstract
In J.M. Coetzee’s Disgrace, the postsecular emerges as a critical framework to understand the characters’ search for home amidst the remnants of South Africa’s colonial legacy. This essay proposes an exploration of how the novel’s engagement with the postsecular scriptures and moments [...] Read more.
In J.M. Coetzee’s Disgrace, the postsecular emerges as a critical framework to understand the characters’ search for home amidst the remnants of South Africa’s colonial legacy. This essay proposes an exploration of how the novel’s engagement with the postsecular scriptures and moments offers a nuanced perspective on the religious impulse within the literary form. I focus on the protagonist, Lurie, whose journey from a sexual scandal to a commitment to animal welfare symbolizes a broader quest for redemption and atonement. Contrasting Lurie’s postsecular odyssey is his daughter Lucy’s steadfast attachment to her farm, which becomes a battleground for historical racial tensions. Through a mythological critical approach, I interpret Lucy’s experience as a contemporary iteration of the scapegoat, embodying the sacrificial role in a society seeking reconciliation and healing. My analysis extends to the novel’s esthetic and ethical dimensions, examining how Coetzee’s narrative challenges and reframes traditional religious narratives. By situating my discussion within the fields of the sciences of religions, theology, and mythology, I contribute to the understanding of literature as a vital medium for engaging with religious and theological themes. The essay concludes with a reflection on the implications of Coetzee’s postsecular discourse for the individual’s search for home and belonging in a post-apartheid context. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Divine Encounters: Exploring Religious Themes in Literature)
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