Bovine Vaccinia Infection

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 November 2021) | Viewed by 5225

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
1. Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
2. Animal Virology Research Laboratory, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Interests: Animal virology; zoonosis; emergent viruses; epidemiology; pathogenesis; immune response and vacines of animal viral diseases

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Guest Editor
1. Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
2. Virus Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Interests: emerging viruses; viruses ecoepidemiology; poxvirus; vaccinia virus; vaccinia virus natural circulation; zoonotic virus; arboviruses
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the last 20 years, outbreaks of Bovine vaccinia (BV), a zoonosis caused by Vaccinia virus (VACV), have been reported in rural areas of South America, notably in Brazil. The disease is characterized by exanthematous lesions in the teats of dairy cows and the hands of milkers, resulting in economic losses to the dairy industry. VACV infection has also been reported in other domestic animals as well as in wild animals. Recent studies have shown the role of wildlife in the VACV transmission chain, where wild rodents act as reservoirs that facilitate VACV spread throughout rural areas. Similarly to BV outbreaks in South America, outbreaks of an exanthematic zoonosis associated with sporadic outbreaks in Asian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) herds have been described, mainly in India, associated with buffalopox virus infection, which is a VACV strain.

VACV has had an important role in human history owing to its highly effective use as an immunizing agent in the smallpox vaccination campaign, resulting in the global eradication of this deadly disease in 1980. Historically, VACV is the most comprehensively studied virus, however, its origin and natural hosts remain unknown. After the cessation of VACV vaccination, the human population susceptible to zoonotic orthopoxvirus infections has increased, and zoonotic orthopoxviruses have emerged worldwide, such as BV and Buffalopox infection in South America and India, respectively.

In Brazil, BV emerged in the late 1990s and is now endemic in most of the Brazilian territory. Much effort has been made to know more about this disease and its epidemiology, and interactions with the host and the environment, however, there are many gaps in the knowledge of this zoonosis, which has an important role in the context of “One Health”.

Therefore, we welcome researchers to submit research or review papers related to all aspects of VACV infection in different hosts, related to its epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prevention and control measures.

Prof. Dr. Maria Isabel Guedes
Prof. Dr. Giliane de Souza Trindade
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • Vaccinia virus
  • Poxvirus
  • Bovine vaccinia
  • Zoonosis
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Pathogenesis
  • Diagnosis
  • Prevention and Control

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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10 pages, 276 KiB  
Article
Educational Approach to Prevent the Burden of Vaccinia Virus Infections in a Bovine Vaccinia Endemic Area in Brazil
by Galileu Barbosa Costa, Jaqueline Silva de Oliveira, Michael B. Townsend, William C. Carson, Iara Apolinário Borges, Andrea M. McCollum, Erna Geessien Kroon, Panayampalli Subbian Satheshkumar, Mary G. Reynolds, Yoshinori J. Nakazawa and Giliane de Souza Trindade
Pathogens 2021, 10(5), 511; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10050511 - 23 Apr 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1922
Abstract
Bovine vaccinia (BV), caused by Vaccinia virus (VACV), is a zoonotic disease characterized by exanthematous lesions on the teats of dairy cows and the hands of milkers, and is an important public health issue in Brazil and South America. BV also results in [...] Read more.
Bovine vaccinia (BV), caused by Vaccinia virus (VACV), is a zoonotic disease characterized by exanthematous lesions on the teats of dairy cows and the hands of milkers, and is an important public health issue in Brazil and South America. BV also results in economic losses to the dairy industry, being a burden to the regions involved in milk production. In the past 20 years, much effort has been made to increase the knowledge regarding BV epidemiology, etiologic agents, and interactions with the hosts and the environment. In the present study, we evaluated milking practices that could be associated with VACV infections in an endemic area in Brazil and proposed an educational tool to help prevent VACV infections. In our survey, 124 individuals (51.7%) from a total of 240 had previously heard of BV, 94 of which knew about it through BV outbreaks. Although most individuals involved in dairy activities (n = 85/91) reported having good hygiene practices, only 29.7% used adequate disinfecting products to clean their hands and 39.5% disinfected cows’ teats before and after milking. Furthermore, 46.7% of individuals reported having contact with other farm and domestic animals besides dairy cattle. We also evaluated the presence of IgG and IgM antibodies in the surveyed population. Overall, 6.1% of likely unvaccinated individuals were positive for anti-Orthopoxvirus IgG antibodies, and 1.7% of all individuals were positive for IgM antibodies. Based on our findings, we proposed educational materials which target individuals with permanent residence in rural areas (mainly farmers and milkers), providing an overview and basic information about preventive measures against VACV infections that could enhance BV control and prevention efforts, especially for vulnerable populations located in endemic areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bovine Vaccinia Infection)

Review

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15 pages, 1475 KiB  
Review
Twenty Years after Bovine Vaccinia in Brazil: Where We Are and Where Are We Going?
by Iago José da Silva Domingos, Jaqueline Silva de Oliveira, Kamila Lorene Soares Rocha, Danilo Bretas de Oliveira, Erna Geessien Kroon, Galileu Barbosa Costa and Giliane de Souza Trindade
Pathogens 2021, 10(4), 406; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10040406 - 31 Mar 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2611
Abstract
Orthopoxvirus (OPV) infections have been present in human life for hundreds of years. It is known that Variola virus (VARV) killed over 300 million people in the past; however, it had an end thanks to the physician Edward Jenner (who developed the first [...] Read more.
Orthopoxvirus (OPV) infections have been present in human life for hundreds of years. It is known that Variola virus (VARV) killed over 300 million people in the past; however, it had an end thanks to the physician Edward Jenner (who developed the first vaccine in history) and also thanks to a massive vaccination program in the 20th century all over the world. Although the first vaccine was created using the Cowpox virus (CPXV), it turned out later that the Vaccinia virus was the one used during the vaccination program. VACV is the etiological agent of bovine vaccinia (BV), a zoonotic disease that has emerged in Brazil and South America in the last 20 years. BV has a great impact on local dairy economies and is also a burden to public health. In this review, we described the main events related to VACV and BV emergence in Brazil and South America, the increase of related scientific studies, and the issues that science, human and animal medicine are going to face if we do not be on guard to this virus and its disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bovine Vaccinia Infection)
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