Dairy Cattle Health: Mastitis, Milk Quality, and Antimicrobial Resistance from a One Health Perspective

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817). This special issue belongs to the section "Bacterial Pathogens".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2026 | Viewed by 2427

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences—One Health Unit, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20100 Milan, Italy
Interests: epidemiology; mastitis epidemiology and control; mammary gland immunity; antimicrobial resistance; One Health approach; public health
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Among the factors affecting milk production, mastitis continues to play an important role. Furthermore, reducing the incidence of mastitis in dairy herds is essential to improve milk quality, safety, animal welfare, and the overall sustainability of dairy herds. In the last century, a large number of studies have focused on the use of vaccination and biological response modifiers to control mastitis. However, until the beginning of this century, the use of antimicrobial therapy was considered the most effective and simplest way to achieve mastitis control, although the sustainability of this approach was questionable.

The recognition of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as a critical global health problem has led to the need for the prudent use of antibiotics to reduce the potential role of mastitis therapy in the development of AMR. Reducing the use of antimicrobials in dairy herds can be achieved by improving herd management, but also by improving the immune defenses of cows, through a reduction in mastitis incidence. Therefore, there is renewed interest in the scientific community in how to improve udder immune defenses. The availability of new molecular methods to study these aspects in detail, as well as tools to analyze differential cell counts, offer new and exciting opportunities to assess the udder immune response and to develop new tools to modulate it, in addition to increasing the accuracy of mastitis diagnosis.

In this context, Pathogens will launch this Special Issue that is dedicated to "Dairy Cattle Health: Mastitis, Milk Quality, and Antimicrobial Resistance from a One Health Perspective" to gather the most recent and relevant results on this topic and offer new sustainable approaches to control mastitis and improve milk quality and safety.

Both original research and review articles are welcomed. Potential topics include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Omics studies on udder immune mechanisms;
  • Mastitis vaccine development and application;
  • Udder immune modulators;
  • Differential cell counts to assess udder immune response;
  • Immune components as mastitis diagnostic tools.

Prof. Dr. Zecconi Alfonso
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • udder immune defenses
  • inflammation
  • milk leukocytes
  • mastitis control
  • One Health approach
  • immune components in milk

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 2123 KB  
Article
Low Neutrophil Counts in Milk Are Associated with an Increased Frequency of Antimicrobial Treatments
by Alfonso Zecconi, Valerio Sora, Emanuele Invernizzi, Francesca Zaghen and Viviana Chierici Guido
Pathogens 2025, 14(11), 1104; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14111104 - 29 Oct 2025
Viewed by 440
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated an association between impaired innate immunity and metabolic parameters, particularly during the periparturient period. However, to our knowledge, no study has been conducted under field conditions investigating the link between low milk polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) levels and increased disease [...] Read more.
Several studies have demonstrated an association between impaired innate immunity and metabolic parameters, particularly during the periparturient period. However, to our knowledge, no study has been conducted under field conditions investigating the link between low milk polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) levels and increased disease frequency. In an attempt to address this knowledge gap, this study examined 6209 cows from 20 dairy herds in Lombardy that were enrolled in a monthly individual dairy herd improvement milk testing program. Analyses of milk test record samples (MTR) included somatic cell count (SCC) and differential cell count (DSCC). A third variable, PLCC (polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocyte cell count), was calculated by multiplying SCC × DSCC, thus representing PMN cells/mL. A database including compulsory records of all antimicrobial treatments applied in each herd was used as a proxy for disease frequency. In total, 58,090 valid MTR and 12,014 antimicrobial treatments (AMT) were considered for this study. Statistical analyses showed a significant association between the prevalence of cows with a low number of milk PMN and the prevalence of AMT. These results allow routine identification of whether the number of cows with low PLCC exceeds an alarm level within a herd. This threshold was calculated using an ROC curve with a cut-off point of 6% for AMT. This threshold was estimated at 2%, providing 78% accuracy in identifying herds at risk of an increasing treatment rate. This study confirms that cellular markers measured within MTR systems are useful in identifying herds at risk of impaired cellular immunity, thus paving the way for further studies assessing herd and cow immune status with routine milk sampling. Full article
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19 pages, 5484 KB  
Article
Comprehensive Molecular and Epidemiological Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Bovine Mastitis in Water Buffalo of the Peshawar Division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
by Salma Javed, Jo-Ann McClure, Irfan Ullah, Shahzad Ali, Mohammad Ejaz, Sadia Tabassum, Muhammad Ali Syed and Kunyan Zhang
Pathogens 2025, 14(8), 735; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14080735 - 25 Jul 2025
Viewed by 1543
Abstract
Water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) are a primary source of milk in Pakistan, where bovine mastitis is a significant health issue among cattle, leading to substantial economic losses. Staphylococcus aureus is a predominant pathogen associated with mastitis; however, a detailed molecular characterization [...] Read more.
Water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) are a primary source of milk in Pakistan, where bovine mastitis is a significant health issue among cattle, leading to substantial economic losses. Staphylococcus aureus is a predominant pathogen associated with mastitis; however, a detailed molecular characterization of the strains in the country remains limited. We previously characterized mastitis strains from the Hazara division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. In this study, we investigated mastitis cases in the Peshawar division, including samples from both animals and human farm workers for comparison. Higher rates of mastitis (67.27% of animals) and sub-clinical mastitis (91.03% of positive animals) were identified in Peshawar than for those (34.55% and 75.31%, respectively) previously observed in Hazara. Methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) belonging to clonal complex 9 (ST2454) were predominant. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) belonging to ST22 and ST8 were also detected in the Nowshera district. While no S. aureus colonization was observed among animal handlers, evidence of hand contamination suggests a potential route for pathogen spread. Low levels of antibiotic resistance were noted amongst isolates, but higher rates were seen in MRSA. This study presents only the second comprehensive molecular investigation of S. aureus isolated from buffalo mastitis in Pakistan and indicates a concerning rise in mastitis within the province. Full article
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