Toxoplasma gondii and Food Safety

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817). This special issue belongs to the section "Parasitic Pathogens".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 April 2024) | Viewed by 2624

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, 95125 Catania, Italy
Interests: toxoplasmosis; zoonoses; one health; food safety; animal health
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, 95125 Catania, Italy
Interests: toxoplasmosis; zoonoses; epidemiology; food safety; emerging diseases

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Food of both animal and vegetable origin, including drinking water, is the main source of Toxoplasma gondii infection worldwide. Official reports such as the European Union One Health Zoonoses Report published by ECDC and EFSA provide a partial picture for the lack of information reported by member countries. Nevertheless, it is estimated that around a third of the world's population will be exposed to the infection at some point in their lives.

Given the recommendations provided by the WHO, WOAH, and FAO for the management of zoonoses, which must be addressed by the health experts involved through a One Health approach, the scientific community is crucial in tackling the most significant challenges for the prevention and control of the disease. Scientists must strive to produce tools such as up-to-date information on epidemiology, sensitive and cost-effective rapid innovative diagnostic tools, and new risk assessment models that are also useful to food legislators, who have so far paid little attention to regulating the control of transmitted toxoplasmosis from food.

Understanding the multifaceted aspects of toxoplasma contamination of foodstuff is therefore paramount to enforce effective preventive measures both at primary production level (in-farms and harvests biosecurity) and at food processing level (quality of water supply).

The scope of this Special Issue is to bring forward relevant new findings on the epidemiology, diagnosis, control, and management of Toxoplasma gondii in foodstuff in order to drive new effective food policies and increase safety for consumers.  

Dr. Anna M. F. Marino
Dr. Maurizio Percipalle
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • toxoplasmosis
  • food safety
  • risk assessment
  • epidemiology
  • One Health

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

7 pages, 265 KiB  
Communication
Toxoplasma gondii Investigation of Home-Reared Pigs through Real-Time PCR and Digital Droplet PCR: A Very Low Prevalence
by Claudio de Martinis, Alessia Pucciarelli, Maria Ottaiano, Roberta Pellicanò, Loredana Baldi, Vincenzo Veneziano, Giovanni Sgroi, Federica Boccia, Carmine Carbone, Lorena Cardillo and Giovanna Fusco
Pathogens 2023, 12(7), 882; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12070882 - 27 Jun 2023
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Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a widespread protozoon that can infect both animals and humans. The main route of human infection is the consumption of the raw or undercooked meat of several animal species, including pigs. Although T. gondii represents a public health concern, control [...] Read more.
Toxoplasma gondii is a widespread protozoon that can infect both animals and humans. The main route of human infection is the consumption of the raw or undercooked meat of several animal species, including pigs. Although T. gondii represents a public health concern, control during slaughter is not mandatory, leading to a lack of information on the impact on human contagion as well as poor data availability in domestic animals intended for human consumption. We studied the presence of T. gondii in home-reared pigs, an unconventional type of farming subjected to stringent breeding conditions dictated by Italian regulation. Thus, the diaphragms, livers and masseter muscles from 480 pigs in Napoli Province (Italy) were analyzed using real-time PCR and digital droplet PCR. The results showed four matrices that tested positive for T. gondii with very low protozoan loads (0.62%), belonging to three different animals. The low density of the animals (the maximum was four animals per farm) and the biosafety farming features decisively contributed to the bioexclusion of this pathogen. Comparing these results to intensive and extensive farm data, lower exposure to the parasite was revealed, suggesting that this farming method might mitigate the risk of human exposure through meat consumption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxoplasma gondii and Food Safety)
17 pages, 1705 KiB  
Article
Quantitative Risk Assessment of Oocyst Versus Bradyzoite Foodborne Transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in Brazil
by Sophie Zhu, Elizabeth VanWormer, Beatriz Martínez-López, Lílian Maria Garcia Bahia-Oliveira, Renato Augusto DaMatta, Pedro Souto Rodrigues and Karen Shapiro
Pathogens 2023, 12(7), 870; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12070870 - 25 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1289
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a globally distributed zoonotic protozoan parasite. Infection with T. gondii can cause congenital toxoplasmosis in developing fetuses and acute outbreaks in the general population, and the disease burden is especially high in South America. Prior studies found that the environmental [...] Read more.
Toxoplasma gondii is a globally distributed zoonotic protozoan parasite. Infection with T. gondii can cause congenital toxoplasmosis in developing fetuses and acute outbreaks in the general population, and the disease burden is especially high in South America. Prior studies found that the environmental stage of T. gondii, oocysts, is an important source of infection in Brazil; however, no studies have quantified this risk relative to other parasite stages. We developed a Bayesian quantitative risk assessment (QRA) to estimate the relative attribution of the two primary parasite stages (bradyzoite and oocyst) that can be transmitted in foods to people in Brazil. Oocyst contamination in fruits and greens contributed significantly more to overall estimated T. gondii infections than bradyzoite-contaminated foods (beef, pork, poultry). In sensitivity analysis, treatment, i.e., cooking temperature for meat and washing efficiency for produce, most strongly affected the estimated toxoplasmosis incidence rate. Due to the lack of regional food contamination prevalence data and the high level of uncertainty in many model parameters, this analysis provides an initial estimate of the relative importance of food products. Important knowledge gaps for oocyst-borne infections were identified and can drive future studies to improve risk assessments and effective policy actions to reduce human toxoplasmosis in Brazil. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxoplasma gondii and Food Safety)
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