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Minerals
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REE Transport in High-Grade Crustal Fluids
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REE Transport in High-Grade Crustal Fluids

A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X). This special issue belongs to the section "Mineral Geochemistry and Geochronology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 January 2020) | Viewed by 13934

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Daniel Harlov

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum, Telegrafenberg 14473 Potsdam, Germany
Interests: metasomatic alteration of REE-bearing minerals; apatite, britholite, monazite, xenotime, allanite, titanite, and chevkinite; high-grade rocks; IOA ore deposits; accessory REE- and actinide-bearing minerals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Rare earth elements (REE), and the minerals that incorporate them, are important geochemical indicators and tracers in high-grade fluids found in various metasomatic, metamorphic, igneous-related contact aureole, carbonatitic, and ore-forming processes. In addition to common REE minerals, such as monazite, xenotime, bastnaesite, eudialyte, allanite, and britholite, many silicate, phosphate, chloride, fluoride, sulfate, and carbonate minerals (especially the Ca-bearing ones) can take in at least trace amounts of REE. These can include such common minerals as titanite, zircon, garnet, apatite, parasite, and synchysite. REE can also complex with various anionic elements and compounds in solution of which some of the more common are Cl-, F-, OH-, SO42-, and CO32-, as well as anionic compounds involving P and Si. Here the LREE can be separated from the HREE due to their particular preference for complexing with Cl as opposed to F, which is preferred by the HREE. The mobility of REE in (Na,K)Cl-H2O-CO2-SO3-bearing fluids, coupled with the mobility of various other co-existing trace elements, can provide significant information regarding the P-T-X conditions under which the fluid was in contact with in the rock, the chemistry of the fluid, the minerals—REE-bearing and otherwise—coexisting with the fluid, as well as act as a tracer for fluid movement under high-grade conditions.

Prof. Dr. Daniel Harlov
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Minerals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Rare earth elements
  • REE-bearing minerals
  • halogens
  • sulfates
  • carbonates
  • saline fluids
  • metasomatism
  • metamorphism
  • ore deposits
  • carbonatites
  • igneous contact aureoles

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

30 pages, 5468 KiB  
Article
Petrogenesis and Geochronology of Tianshui Granites from Western Qinling Orogen, Central China: Implications for Caledonian and Indosinian Orogenies on the Asian Plate
by Muhammad Saleem Mughal, Chengjun Zhang, Amjad Hussain, Hafiz Ur Rehman, Dingding Du, Mirza Shahid Baig, Muhammad Basharat, Jingya Zhang, Qi Zheng and Syed Asim Hussain
Minerals 2020, 10(6), 515; https://doi.org/10.3390/min10060515 - 02 Jun 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4046
Abstract
The precise timing, petrogenesis, and geodynamic significance of three granitoid bodies (Beidao granite, Caochuanpu granite, Yuanlongzhen granite, and the Roche type rock) of the Tianshui area in the Western Qinling Orogen, central China, are poorly constrained. We performed an integrated study of petrology, [...] Read more.
The precise timing, petrogenesis, and geodynamic significance of three granitoid bodies (Beidao granite, Caochuanpu granite, Yuanlongzhen granite, and the Roche type rock) of the Tianshui area in the Western Qinling Orogen, central China, are poorly constrained. We performed an integrated study of petrology, geochemistry, and zircon U-Pb dating to constrain their genesis and tectonic implication. Petrographic investigation of the granites shows that the rocks are mainly monzogranites. The Al saturation index (A/CNK versus SiO2) of the granitoid samples indicates meta-aluminous to peraluminous I-type granites. Their magmas were likely generated by the partial melting of igneous protoliths during the syn-collisional tectonic regime. Rare-earth-elements data further support their origin from a magma that was formed by the partial melting of lower continental crust. The Beidao, Caochuanpu, and Yuanlongzhen granites yielded U-Pb zircon weighted mean ages of 417 ± 5 Ma, 216 ± 3 Ma, and 219 ± 3 Ma, respectively. This study shows that the Beidao granite possibly formed in syn- to post-collision tectonic settings due to the subduction of the Proto-Tethys under the North China Block, and can be linked to the generally reported Caledonian orogeny (440–400 Ma) in the western segment of the North Qinling belt, whereas Yuanlongzhen and Caochuanpu granites can be linked to the widely known Indosinian orogeny (255–210 Ma). These granitoids formed due to the subduction of the oceanic lithospheres of the Proto-Tethyan Qinling and Paleo-Tethyan Qinling. The Roche type rock, tourmaline-rich, was possibly formed from the hydrothermal fluids as indicated by the higher concentrations of boron leftover during the late-stages of magmatic crystallization of the granites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue REE Transport in High-Grade Crustal Fluids)
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33 pages, 7920 KiB  
Article
HFSE-REE Transfer Mechanisms During Metasomatism of a Late Miocene Peraluminous Granite Intruding a Carbonate Host (Campiglia Marittima, Tuscany)
by Gabriele Paoli, Andrea Dini, Maurizio Petrelli and Sergio Rocchi
Minerals 2019, 9(11), 682; https://doi.org/10.3390/min9110682 - 04 Nov 2019
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3572
Abstract
The different generations of calc-silicate assemblages formed during sequential metasomatic events make the Campiglia Marittima magmatic–hydrothermal system a prominent case study to investigate the mobility of rare earth element (REE) and other trace elements. These mineralogical assemblages also provide information about the nature [...] Read more.
The different generations of calc-silicate assemblages formed during sequential metasomatic events make the Campiglia Marittima magmatic–hydrothermal system a prominent case study to investigate the mobility of rare earth element (REE) and other trace elements. These mineralogical assemblages also provide information about the nature and source of metasomatizing fluids. Petrographic and geochemical investigations of granite, endoskarn, and exoskarn bodies provide evidence for the contribution of metasomatizing fluids from an external source. The granitic pluton underwent intense metasomatism during post-magmatic fluid–rock interaction processes. The system was initially affected by a metasomatic event characterized by circulation of K-rich and Ca(-Mg)-rich fluids. A potassic metasomatic event led to the complete replacement of magmatic biotite, plagioclase, and ilmenite, promoting major element mobilization and crystallization of K-feldspar, phlogopite, chlorite, titanite, and rutile. The process resulted in significant gain of K, Rb, Ba, and Sr, accompanied by loss of Fe and Na, with metals such as Cu, Zn, Sn, W, and Tl showing significant mobility. Concurrently, the increasing fluid acidity, due to interaction with Ca-rich fluids, resulted in a diffuse Ca-metasomatism. During this stage, a wide variety of calc-silicates formed (diopside, titanite, vesuvianite, garnet, and allanite), throughout the granite body, along granite joints, and at the carbonate–granite contact. In the following stage, Ca-F-rich fluids triggered the acidic metasomatism of accessory minerals and the mobilization of high-field-strength elements (HFSE) and REE. This stage is characterized by the exchange of major elements (Ti, Ca, Fe, Al) with HFSE and REE in the forming metasomatic minerals (i.e., titanite, vesuvianite) and the crystallization of HFSE-REE minerals. Moreover, the observed textural disequilibrium of newly formed minerals (pseudomorphs, patchy zoning, dissolution/reprecipitation textures) suggests the evolution of metasomatizing fluids towards more acidic conditions at lower temperatures. In summary, the selective mobilization of chemical components was related to a shift in fluid composition, pH, and temperature. This study emphasizes the importance of relating field studies and petrographic observations to detailed mineral compositions, leading to the construction of litho-geochemical models for element mobilization in crustal magmatic-hydrothermal settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue REE Transport in High-Grade Crustal Fluids)
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15 pages, 1685 KiB  
Article
Using Rare Earth Elements (REE) to Decipher the Origin of Ore Fluids Associated with Granite Intrusions
by Xue-Ming Yang
Minerals 2019, 9(7), 426; https://doi.org/10.3390/min9070426 - 11 Jul 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5839
Abstract
A practical method is presented to estimate rare earth element (REE) concentrations in a magmatic fluid phase in equilibrium with water-saturated granitic melts based on empirical fluid–melt partition coefficients of REE ( k P R E E ). The values of [...] Read more.
A practical method is presented to estimate rare earth element (REE) concentrations in a magmatic fluid phase in equilibrium with water-saturated granitic melts based on empirical fluid–melt partition coefficients of REE ( k P R E E ). The values of k P R E E can be calculated from a set of new polynomial equations linking to the Cl molality ( m C l v ) of the magmatic fluid phase associated with granitic melts, which are established via a statistical analysis of the existing experimental dataset. These equations may be applied to the entire pressure range (0.1 to 10.0 kb) within the continental crust. Also, the results indicate that light REEs (LREE) behave differently in magmatic fluids, i.e., either being fluid compatible with higher m C l v or fluid incompatible with lower m C l v values. In contrast, heavy REEs (HREE) are exclusively fluid incompatible, and partition favorably into granitic melts. Consequently, magmatic fluids tend to be rich in LREE relative to HREE, leading to REE fractionation during the evolution of magmatic hydrothermal systems. The maximum k P R E E value for each element is predicted and presented in a REE distribution diagram constrained by the threshold value of m C l v . The REE contents of the granitic melt are approximated by whole-rock analysis, so that REE concentrations in the associated magmatic fluid phase would be estimated from the value of k P R E E given chemical equilibrium. Two examples are provided, which show the use of this method as a REE tracer to fingerprint the source of ore fluids responsible for the Lake George intrusion-related Au–Sb deposit in New Brunswick (Canada), and the Bakircay Cu–Au (–Mo) porphyry systems in northern Turkey. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue REE Transport in High-Grade Crustal Fluids)
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