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Minerals
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Gold–Polymetallic Deposits in Convergent Margins
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Gold–Polymetallic Deposits in Convergent Margins

A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X). This special issue belongs to the section "Mineral Deposits".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 1 March 2026 | Viewed by 3033

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Haocheng Yu

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Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
Interests: orogenic Au-Sb deposits; geochronology; ore fluid evolution
Dr. Hao Song

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Applied Nuclear Technology in Geoscience Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
Interests: minerals geochemistry; U-Au-polymetallic deposits; the genesis of Uranium mineralization
Dr. Mingyang Wang

E-Mail
Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Hydro-science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Interests: intelligent geology exploration; graph neural network; pattern recognition; fracture network topology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Gold–polymetallic deposits associated with plate tectonic evolution represent significant sources of economically important metals that are essential for modern society. Their genesis is linked to magmatic and hydrothermal processes arising from diverse subduction to collision tectonic regimes generated in convergent margins. This Special Issue aims to advance the understanding of gold–polymetallic mineralization near convergent settings by focusing on the geochemical, spectrum, geochronology and tectonic controls of ore formation. Contributions include, but are not limited to, (1) the geochemistry and genesis of gold–polymetallic deposits in orogenic contexts; (2) the mineral chemistry of ore, gangue, and accessory minerals that provide insights into ore-forming processes; (3) fluid–rock interaction mechanisms and their implications for metal transport and precipitation; (4) geochronological constraints on the timing and evolution of mineralizing events; (5) the ore and host rock spectrum for exploration; and (6) the application of innovative approaches to unravel the evolution of ore systems.

Dr. Haocheng Yu
Dr. Hao Song
Dr. Mingyang Wang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Minerals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • metal deposit
  • geochemistry
  • geochronology
  • fluid evolution
  • ore-forming process
  • fluid–rock interaction
  • metal transport and deposition
  • ore exploration

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 4665 KB  
Article
Genesis of High-Grade Gold Mineralization at the Guocheng Deposit, Jiaodong Peninsula: Constraints from Magnetite Geochemistry
by Ning-Han Sun, Tao Cui, Rong-Zhi Zhou, Yu-Ying Li, Qiang Fu, Lian-Yuan Qin, Qian-Jie Deng and Xu-Feng Wei
Minerals 2025, 15(12), 1267; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15121267 - 29 Nov 2025
Viewed by 210
Abstract
The processes responsible for high-grade disseminated gold mineralization remain poorly constrained, hindering effective exploration. This study integrates petrography, BPMA, and LA-ICP-MS analysis of magnetite from marble- and granite-hosted ores with contrasting gold grades, to constrain wall-rock-induced changes in the thermodynamic environment. BPMA results [...] Read more.
The processes responsible for high-grade disseminated gold mineralization remain poorly constrained, hindering effective exploration. This study integrates petrography, BPMA, and LA-ICP-MS analysis of magnetite from marble- and granite-hosted ores with contrasting gold grades, to constrain wall-rock-induced changes in the thermodynamic environment. BPMA results show distinct mineral assemblages: granite-hosted ores are characterized by quartz (52.31%)-K-feldspar (19.65%)-sericite (9.56%)-pyrite (8.36%), whereas marble-hosted ores feature pyrrhotite (33.90%)-chlorite (27.50%)-pyrite (15.22%)-magnetite (1.94%). The closed intergrowths of magnetite with gold and sulfides, along with the magnetite Ga-V (Grant-Vaughan) discrimination diagram, indicate a hydrothermal origin for magnetite formed during the mineralization stage. Geochemical data show that marble-hosted magnetite has lower V and chalcophile element (Co, Ni, Sn, Zn) concentrations than granite-hosted magnetite. Considering the partitioning behavior of these elements in magnetite, these differences indicate magnetite crystallization under increasing oxygen fugacity (fO2) and decreasing sulfur fugacity (fS2). Thermodynamic modeling results demonstrate that these changes in fO2 and fS2 destabilized gold-sulfur complexes in the ore-forming fluid, significantly enhancing gold precipitation efficiency and ultimately leading to the formation of high-grade ores in marble. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gold–Polymetallic Deposits in Convergent Margins)
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23 pages, 13616 KB  
Article
Source and Precipitation Process of Gold in the Linglong Gold Deposit, Jiaodong Peninsula: Constraints from Trace Elements of Pyrite and S-Pb Isotopes
by Fei Ren, Zheng-Jiang Ding, Zhong-Yi Bao, Jun-Wei Wang, Shun-Xi Ma, Tao Niu, Kai-Qiang Geng, Bin Wang, Chao Li, Gui-Jie Li and Shan-Shan Li
Minerals 2025, 15(11), 1220; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15111220 - 19 Nov 2025
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Abstract
Jiaodong Gold Province is a globally rare giant gold cluster, with ongoing debates regarding its metallogenic material sources and mineralization mechanisms. This study focuses on the Linglong quartz-vein-type gold deposit within the Zhaoping Fault Zone, conducting in situ trace element and S-Pb isotope [...] Read more.
Jiaodong Gold Province is a globally rare giant gold cluster, with ongoing debates regarding its metallogenic material sources and mineralization mechanisms. This study focuses on the Linglong quartz-vein-type gold deposit within the Zhaoping Fault Zone, conducting in situ trace element and S-Pb isotope analyses of pyrite from different mineralization stages. The trace element characteristics were investigated to explore the sources of metallogenic materials, the evolution of ore-forming fluids, and the mechanisms of gold precipitation. The main findings are as follows: (1) In the Linglong gold deposit, gold primarily enters the pyrite lattice as a solid solution (Au+) through Au-As coupling. From the Py1 to Py3 stages, Co and Ni contents significantly decrease, while Cu, As, Au, and polymetallic element contents continuously increase. Additionally, Cu mainly replaces Fe2+ in the form of Cu2+, whereas Pb predominantly exists as micro inclusions of galena. (2) The S isotope (Py1: δ34S = +7.60‰–+8.25‰, Py2: δ34S = +6.15‰–+8.15‰, Py3: δ34S = +6.90‰–+9.10‰) and Pb isotope (206Pb/204Pb = 16.95–17.715, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.472–15.557, 208Pb/204Pb = 37.858–38.394) systems collectively constrain the ore-forming materials such that they are dominated by metasomatized enriched lithospheric mantle, with simultaneous mixing of crustal materials. (3) The ore-forming fluid underwent a continuous evolution process characterized by persistently decreasing temperatures and a transition from mantle-dominated to crust–mantle mixed sources. The Py1 stage was predominantly composed of mantle-derived magmatic fluids uncontaminated by crustal materials, representing a high-temperature, closed environment. In the Py2 stage, the fluid system transitioned to an open system with the incorporation of crustal materials. Through coupled substitution of “As3+ + Au+ → Fe2+” and dissolution–reprecipitation processes, gold was initially activated and enriched. During the Py3 stage, pyrite underwent dissolution–reprecipitation under tectonic stress and fluid activity, promoting extraordinary element enrichment and serving as the primary mechanism for gold precipitation. Concurrently, bismuth–tellurium melt interactions further facilitated the precipitation of gold minerals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gold–Polymetallic Deposits in Convergent Margins)
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19 pages, 3745 KB  
Article
Anomaly Detection in Mineral Micro-X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy Based on a Multi-Scale Feature Aggregation Network
by Yangxin Lu, Weiming Jiang, Molei Zhao, Yuanzhi Zhou, Jie Yang, Kunfeng Qiu and Qiuming Cheng
Minerals 2025, 15(9), 970; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15090970 - 13 Sep 2025
Viewed by 634
Abstract
Micro-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (micro-XRF) integrates spatial and spectral information and is widely employed for multi-elemental analyses of rock-forming minerals. However, its inherent limitation in spatial resolution gives rise to significant pixel mixing, thereby hindering the accurate identification of fine-scale or anomalous mineral phases. [...] Read more.
Micro-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (micro-XRF) integrates spatial and spectral information and is widely employed for multi-elemental analyses of rock-forming minerals. However, its inherent limitation in spatial resolution gives rise to significant pixel mixing, thereby hindering the accurate identification of fine-scale or anomalous mineral phases. Furthermore, most existing methods heavily rely on manually labeled data or predefined spectral libraries, rendering them poorly adaptable to complex and variable mineral systems. To address these challenges, this paper presents an unsupervised deep aggregation network (MSFA-Net) for micro-XRF imagery, aiming to eliminate the reliance of traditional methods on prior knowledge and enhance the recognition capability of rare mineral anomalies. Built on an autoencoder architecture, MSFA-Net incorporates a multi-scale orthogonal attention module to strengthen spectral–spatial feature fusion and employs density-based adaptive clustering to guide semantically aware reconstruction, thus achieving high-precision responses to potential anomalous regions. Experiments on real-world micro-XRF datasets demonstrate that MSFA-Net not only outperforms mainstream anomaly detection methods but also transcends the physical resolution limits of the instrument, successfully identifying subtle mineral anomalies that traditional approaches fail to detect. This method presents a novel paradigm for high-throughput and weakly supervised interpretation of complex geological images. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gold–Polymetallic Deposits in Convergent Margins)
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15 pages, 7780 KB  
Article
Geochronological Constraints on the Genesis of the Changshitougounao Gold Deposit, Qinling Orogen
by Xian-Fa Xue, Sheng-Xiang Lu, Shou-Xu Wang, Da-Hu Yuan, Zheng-Wang Zeng, Jin-Hong Qiu and Jie Wang
Minerals 2025, 15(9), 903; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15090903 - 26 Aug 2025
Viewed by 1173
Abstract
The Western Qinling Orogenic Belt, China’s second-largest Au-metallogenic province, hosts numerous polymetallic deposits, with gold resources particularly concentrated in the northwestern Xiahe–Hezuo area. The Changshitougounao gold deposit, located south of the Xiahe Fault, comprises disseminated ores controlled by near E–W-trending faults and is [...] Read more.
The Western Qinling Orogenic Belt, China’s second-largest Au-metallogenic province, hosts numerous polymetallic deposits, with gold resources particularly concentrated in the northwestern Xiahe–Hezuo area. The Changshitougounao gold deposit, located south of the Xiahe Fault, comprises disseminated ores controlled by near E–W-trending faults and is primarily hosted in quartz diorite and the Lower Triassic Longwuhe Formation. Zircon LA–ICP–MS U–Pb dating of fresh quartz diorite yields an age of 241.8 ± 2.6 Ma. Two generations of monazite were identified: type I magmatic monazite and type II hydrothermal monazite. Type I monazite is intergrown with feldspar, quartz, and biotite, and in situ LA–ICP–MS U–Pb analysis gives an age of 239.2 ± 2.2 Ma. Type II monazite occurs as irregular granular aggregates associated with Au-bearing sulfides and hydrothermal sericite, with an in situ U–Pb age of 230 ± 3.5 Ma. Apatite, also coeval with Au-bearing sulfides and type II monazite, yields an LA–ICP–MS U–Pb age of 230.9 ± 2.5 Ma and 230.7 ± 3.0 Ma. Zircon and type I monazite thus constrain the emplacement of the ore-bearing quartz diorite to ca. 240 Ma, whereas hydrothermal type II monazite and apatite constrain the timing of mineralization to ca. 230 Ma. The ~10 Ma interval between magmatism and mineralization indicates that goldmineralization in the Changshitougounao deposit is decoupled from Early Triassic magmatic activity. Integrating previous studies of the West Qinling geodynamic evolution, we infer that the Changshitougounao deposit formed during collisional orogenesis, in response to the closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. Consequently, the Changshitougounao gold deposit is best classified as an orogenic gold system. Pyrite–arsenopyrite and sericite alteration serve as effective exploration vectors, and the contact zone between quartz diorite veins and slate represents a favorable structural setting for ore prospecting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gold–Polymetallic Deposits in Convergent Margins)
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