Immune Responses to Toxoplasma Infections

A Special Issue of Microorganisms (ISSN 2076-2607) belonging to the section "Public Health Microbiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 February 2026) | Viewed by 2262

Editor


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Guest Editor
Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine of the University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Protozoology Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Interests: Toxoplasma gondii; ionizing radiation; vaccine development; intestinal immunity; irradiated toxins; serology and laboratory diagnosis

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Toxoplasmosis, first identified over a century ago, remains a complex and pressing global health concern. It is estimated that up to one-third of the world’s population has been exposed to Toxoplasma gondii, with seroprevalence rates exceeding 60% in some regions—often without symptoms. Food-producing animals represent a critical reservoir for the parasite, leading not only to significant economic losses but also posing a risk of transmission to humans through the food chain.

Understanding the immune response and the parasite’s biological dynamics is extremely important for the development of future therapeutic and vaccine approaches. As the primary entry point of this disease into the body is the oral route, studying the mucosal response is crucial for establishing protection within this unique immunological environment—the mucosae. Equally important is the systemic study of the immune response, which is crucial for understanding how to combat the infection before the parasite escapes into host cells. Gaining insight into how to modulate the immune response to improve the efficiency of combating Toxoplasma gondii is both fundamental and necessary for advancing the study of this host–parasite interaction.

Dr. Andres J. Galisteo Junior
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • toxoplasmosis
  • vaccine
  • immune response
  • mucosal immunity
  • infection
  • humoral immunity
  • cell-mediated immunity
  • chronic infection
  • immunocompromised
  • antigen presentation

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 1058 KB  
Article
Lipidomic Profiling of Colonic Contents in Mice with Acute Toxoplasma gondii Infection
by Cai-Qin Deng, Wen-Jie Cheng, Yuan-Lan Wang, Yi-Dan Wang, Feng-Cai Zou, Xing-Quan Zhu and Zhao Li
Microorganisms 2026, 14(4), 824; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14040824 - 3 Apr 2026
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 776
Abstract
Background: While Toxoplasma gondii infection poses a significant health threat, its impact on the localized intestinal lipid metabolism remains unclear. Methods: Thus, this study established an acute infection model in BALB/cJ mice and analyzed the colonic contents collected 10 days post-infection via untargeted [...] Read more.
Background: While Toxoplasma gondii infection poses a significant health threat, its impact on the localized intestinal lipid metabolism remains unclear. Methods: Thus, this study established an acute infection model in BALB/cJ mice and analyzed the colonic contents collected 10 days post-infection via untargeted lipidomics. The lipid profiles of the two groups diverged substantially, with a clear separation evident between infection and control conditions. Results: We identified 65 upregulated and 87 downregulated differential lipids, primarily falling into the glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids categories. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the choline metabolism in cancer and glycerophospholipid metabolism pathways was pinpointed as being among the most perturbed following infection. Correlation and network analyses further suggested that key molecules, such as LPC (20:4) and LPA (18:0), may mediate these metabolic pathway abnormalities by regulating related enzymatic activities. Conclusions: This systematic characterization of the intestinal lipid metabolic landscape in mice during acute T. gondii infection revealed the host intestinal lipid metabolic reprogramming induced by T. gondii infection. The findings offer a novel metabolic perspective for understanding T. gondii pathogenesis and host–parasite interactions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Responses to Toxoplasma Infections)
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20 pages, 6076 KB  
Article
Health Outcomes Associated with Asymptomatic Toxoplasma gondii Seropositivity in Young Adults: A Nationwide Matched Cohort Study
by Sarah Israel, Eugene Merzon, Yotam Shenhar, Shai Ashkenazi, Abraham Weizman, Shlomo Vinker, Eli Magen and Ariel Israel
Microorganisms 2026, 14(4), 780; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14040780 - 30 Mar 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1050
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii establishes latent infection in a substantial proportion of the global population, yet the long-term health consequences of this infection remain incompletely characterized. We conducted a retrospective observational matched cohort study using longitudinal electronic health record data from a nationwide integrated healthcare [...] Read more.
Toxoplasma gondii establishes latent infection in a substantial proportion of the global population, yet the long-term health consequences of this infection remain incompletely characterized. We conducted a retrospective observational matched cohort study using longitudinal electronic health record data from a nationwide integrated healthcare provider, including members aged 18–45 years who underwent routine Toxoplasma serologic screening, typically performed in obstetric evaluation, excluding patients with clinical toxoplasmosis, immunosuppression, or HIV. Seropositive individuals were matched 1:1 without replacement to seronegative controls to align demographic, temporal, and socioeconomic variables. Time-to-event associations with predefined medical conditions were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards models with false discovery rate correction. The final cohort included 19,443 seropositive individuals and 19,443 matched controls (96.7% female), with a tight baseline balance of demographic and temporal characteristics. During follow-up, seropositivity was associated with increased risks of tobacco dependence (aHR 1.65), alcohol dependence (2.32), suicide attempt (1.82), motor vehicle accidents (1.22), and work accidents (1.27), as well as multiple infectious conditions, including hepatitis B (1.55), hepatitis C (2.15), and syphilis (2.43), with an overall trend toward increased all-cause mortality (1.32, 95% CI [1.00–1.74]). These findings suggest that asymptomatic Toxoplasma infection in young adults is associated with increased long-term behavioral and medical comorbidity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Responses to Toxoplasma Infections)
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