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Metrology
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Applied Industrial Metrology: Methods, Uncertainties, and Challenges
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Applied Industrial Metrology: Methods, Uncertainties, and Challenges

A special issue of Metrology (ISSN 2673-8244).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 June 2026 | Viewed by 7254

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Patrice Salzenstein

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Guest Editor
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Franche-Comté Electronique Optique Sciences et Technologies (FEMTO-ST) Institute, Université Marie et Louis Pasteur (UMLP), 15B Avenue des Montboucons, F-25030 Besançon Cedex, France
Interests: uncertainty analysis; metrology; frequency stability; phase noise; optics; optoelectronics; calibration; international comparisons
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are pleased to announce a Special Issue of Metrology (MDPI) titled “Applied Industrial Metrology: Methods, Uncertainties, and Challenges”. This Issue aims to bring together researchers from academia and industry involved in applied metrology, industrial calibration, and measurement science.

We welcome contributions addressing the specificities of measurement uncertainties and industrial constraints, as well as innovative metrological approaches across various domains, including electricity and magnetism, frequency and time measurements, particle sizing and counting, dimensional and optical metrology, and other related areas.

Original research articles, reviews, and case studies that highlight the connection between fundamental metrology and industrial applications are particularly encouraged.

Join us in advancing the discussion on how metrology drives innovation, reliability, and quality in industrial contexts.

Dr. Patrice Salzenstein
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metrology is an international peer-reviewed open access quarterly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • measurement uncertainty
  • industrial calibration laboratories
  • metrology methods
  • gas flow
  • particle size
  • length

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

11 pages, 1600 KB  
Communication
High-Frequency Coupled-Resonator CMUT with Stepped Cavity for Enhanced Sensitivity and Bandwidth in Acoustic Emission Detection
by Sulaiman Mohaidat, Mohammad Okour, Mutaz Al Fayad and Fadi Alsaleem
Metrology 2026, 6(2), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology6020029 - 28 Apr 2026
Viewed by 391
Abstract
Acoustic emission (AE) monitoring in metal additive manufacturing (AM) requires compact sensors capable of high-frequency operation, broad bandwidth, and high sensitivity. However, increasing structural stiffness to achieve high resonance frequencies typically reduces electromechanical sensitivity. This work presents a finite element study of a [...] Read more.
Acoustic emission (AE) monitoring in metal additive manufacturing (AM) requires compact sensors capable of high-frequency operation, broad bandwidth, and high sensitivity. However, increasing structural stiffness to achieve high resonance frequencies typically reduces electromechanical sensitivity. This work presents a finite element study of a coupled-resonator capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) designed to address this trade-off. The proposed architecture integrates three mechanically coupled silicon membranes with a stepped capacitive cavity that increases capacitance while preserving structural stiffness, enabling enhanced sensitivity without compromising high-frequency operation. COMSOL Multiphysics simulations were used to evaluate modal characteristics and frequency response under DC pre-stressed conditions. Modal coupling produced closely spaced resonances that broadened the effective bandwidth, while the stepped cavity significantly increased voltage output through improved electromechanical coupling. Compared to a single-resonator flat-cavity design, the coupled stepped-cavity configuration demonstrated nearly a threefold enhancement in output voltage while maintaining operation near 100 kHz. Additionally, adjusting the central resonator length enabled controlled frequency tuning for scalable array implementation. These results establish a proof of concept for a high-frequency, high-sensitivity micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) CMUT architecture suitable for distributed AE monitoring in advanced manufacturing environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Industrial Metrology: Methods, Uncertainties, and Challenges)
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19 pages, 2822 KB  
Article
A Cost-Effective Cylindrical Capacitive Sensor for Liquid Dielectric Characterization from 1 to 30 MHz
by Thet Pai Oo, Thipamas Phakaew, Muhammad Uzair, Prayoot Akkaraekthalin, Wutthinan Jeamsaksiri and Suramate Chalermwisutkul
Metrology 2026, 6(2), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology6020023 - 1 Apr 2026
Viewed by 597
Abstract
A cost-effective and practical method for characterizing the dielectric properties of liquids at 1 MHz is presented in this article. A cylindrical parallel-plate capacitive sensor was developed, in which the circular end plates function as electrodes and the sidewall is formed by a [...] Read more.
A cost-effective and practical method for characterizing the dielectric properties of liquids at 1 MHz is presented in this article. A cylindrical parallel-plate capacitive sensor was developed, in which the circular end plates function as electrodes and the sidewall is formed by a thin polyvinyl chloride ring cut from a standard water pipe to enclose the liquid sample. Dielectric constant values of air, distilled water, ethanol, and methanol were determined through analytical calculations, electromagnetic simulations, and experimental measurements at 1 megahertz. Consistent results were obtained across all methods, and the extracted values were found to agree well with theoretical values, yielding extraction errors of 0.06% for methanol and 1.85% for ethanol with respect to theoretical values from the literature. A calibration technique was applied in which air and water were used as reference materials with known dielectric constants, effectively mitigating uncertainties associated with sensor geometry, spacer material, and fringing fields. Through this work, a practical and effective technique for dielectric characterization at low frequency has been demonstrated, with core validation of four reference materials (air, deionized water, ethanol, and methanol) at 1 MHz and an additional application example in which cow’s milk is characterized over 10–30 MHz. The 10–30 MHz measurement demonstrates the applicability of the proposed method in the low megahertz region, while the primary validation is conducted at 1 MHz. The technique is applicable to a wide range of applications in materials science, chemical, and biomedical engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Industrial Metrology: Methods, Uncertainties, and Challenges)
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27 pages, 11475 KB  
Article
Interlaboratory Comparison of SI-Traceable Flow Metering Calibration Facilities with Gaseous Carbon Dioxide
by Ara Abdulrahman, Gabriele Chinello, Revata Seneviratne, Kurt Rasmussen, Dennis van Putten and Pier Giorgio Spazzini
Metrology 2026, 6(2), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology6020022 - 24 Mar 2026
Viewed by 712
Abstract
Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) plays an important role in meeting the European Union’s target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 55% by 2030 and become carbon neutral by 2050. Accurate flow metering is required throughout the carbon capture and storage (CCS) [...] Read more.
Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) plays an important role in meeting the European Union’s target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 55% by 2030 and become carbon neutral by 2050. Accurate flow metering is required throughout the carbon capture and storage (CCS) chain to meet fiscal and regulatory requirements. To establish accurate CO2 flow metering, flow meters must be calibrated with traceability to international standards of measurement at relevant flow conditions. To ensure confidence, reliability, and comparability of calibration results, calibration facilities perform interlaboratory comparisons. However, there is currently a lack of CO2 gas flow meter calibration facilities. The flow metering calibration facilities of VSL, NEL, INRIM, DNV, and FORCE participated in an interlaboratory comparison with CO2 up to 400 m3/h and 31 bar(a) to compare the calibration results with several flow metering principles. At the intermediate-scale facilities of NEL, VSL, and INRIM, the difference in results between the VSL and INRIM facilities were within the facilities’ CMC values, while NEL’s facility showed a significant difference primarily due to vibrational relaxational effects of CO2 with small critical flow Venturi nozzles. At the large-scale facilities of NEL, DNV, and FORCE, 91% of the test points passed the equivalency criteria in the range of 20 m3/h to 400 m3/h with a Coriolis meter, confirming traceability for carbon dioxide across the facilities. Overall, the interlaboratory comparison has made it possible for the CCUS industry to calibrate gaseous CO2 flow meters with traceability to international standards. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Industrial Metrology: Methods, Uncertainties, and Challenges)
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28 pages, 19127 KB  
Article
Geometrical Prediction of Copper-Coated Solid-Wire Deposition by Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing Based on Artificial Neural Networks and Support Vector Machines
by Miroslav Petrov, Grazia Lo Sciuto, Evgeni Tongov, Yavor Sofronov, Georgi Todorov, Todor Todorov, Valentin Mishev, Antonio Nikolov and Krum Petrov
Metrology 2026, 6(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology6010018 - 6 Mar 2026
Viewed by 805
Abstract
Wire and arc additive manufacturing is a promising technology for fabricating large and complex metallic components. Wire arc methods, like MIG and MAG, use an electric arc to melt and deposit metal wire layer-by-layer. The improvement of the surface depends on the multi-bead [...] Read more.
Wire and arc additive manufacturing is a promising technology for fabricating large and complex metallic components. Wire arc methods, like MIG and MAG, use an electric arc to melt and deposit metal wire layer-by-layer. The improvement of the surface depends on the multi-bead overlapping model. However, the high quality of multi-layer deposits is reduced by structural irregularities, such as geometric defects, poor fusion, and reduced mechanical properties of the weld bead. The analysis of a single weld bead that solidifies on a base material can be carried out to improve the geometry of the microstructure, to improve the mechanical properties, and to understand the relationship between welding parameters and the bead dimensions. In the present study, current metal welding technologies and strategies in wire-arc additive manufacturing were discussed, and different weld bead geometries using BÖHLER SG2 solid wire were realized, varying the robot’s trajectory length and welding speed. The computational models are proposed to create a dependence between the controllable welding input parameters and resulting geometrical weld bead outputs (width, height, length, and radius) for prediction and optimization. These models, using techniques such as support vector machines and artificial neural networks, can be a good tool for controlling quality by understanding these input–output relationships. However, the SVM has revealed a superior performance based on metrics for the nonlinear and intricate relationships between the geometrical weld beads and welding parameters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Industrial Metrology: Methods, Uncertainties, and Challenges)
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18 pages, 5726 KB  
Article
Uncertainty Evaluation of CMM and Optical 3D Scanning in Centrifugal Rotor Inspection
by Ionuț-Alin Dumitrache, Andrei George Totu, Ana-Maria Dumitrache and Mihai Vlăduț
Metrology 2026, 6(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology6010012 - 18 Feb 2026
Viewed by 1221
Abstract
Dimensional verification of turbomachinery rotors requires traceable accuracy on functional data and dense coverage of freeform blades. This study quantifies the expanded measurement uncertainty (U95) for a centrifugal rotor inspected with a bridge-type CMM (Nikon Altera 10.10.8) and a structured-light scanner (ATOS Compact [...] Read more.
Dimensional verification of turbomachinery rotors requires traceable accuracy on functional data and dense coverage of freeform blades. This study quantifies the expanded measurement uncertainty (U95) for a centrifugal rotor inspected with a bridge-type CMM (Nikon Altera 10.10.8) and a structured-light scanner (ATOS Compact Scan 5M Rev.1), using repeated measurements in accordance with ISO 10360 and ISO 15530-3. The CMM achieved U95 ≈ 4–6 µm on bores, whereas optical scanning yielded U95 ≈ 12–18 µm on freeform blade regions. Cross-system results exhibited systematic offsets, indicating that the two methods are not directly interchangeable in absolute terms. Nevertheless, they are complementary: CMM ensures datum traceability, while optical scanning enables rapid full-field blade assessment, supporting uncertainty-aware hybrid inspection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Industrial Metrology: Methods, Uncertainties, and Challenges)
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29 pages, 7355 KB  
Article
A Flexible Wheel Alignment Measurement Method via APCS-SwinUnet and Point Cloud Registration
by Bo Shi, Hongli Liu and Emanuele Zappa
Metrology 2026, 6(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology6010004 - 12 Jan 2026
Viewed by 733
Abstract
To achieve low-cost and flexible wheel angles measurement, we propose a novel strategy that integrates wheel segmentation network with 3D vision. In this framework, a semantic segmentation network is first employed to extract the wheel rim, followed by angle estimation through ICP-based point [...] Read more.
To achieve low-cost and flexible wheel angles measurement, we propose a novel strategy that integrates wheel segmentation network with 3D vision. In this framework, a semantic segmentation network is first employed to extract the wheel rim, followed by angle estimation through ICP-based point cloud registration. Since wheel rim extraction is closely tied to angle computation accuracy, we introduce APCS-SwinUnet, a segmentation network built on the SwinUnet architecture and enhanced with ASPP, CBAM, and a hybrid loss function. Compared with traditional image processing methods in wheel alignment, APCS-SwinUnet delivers more accurate and refined segmentation, especially at wheel boundaries. Moreover, it demonstrates strong adaptability across diverse tire types and lighting conditions. Based on the segmented mask, the wheel rim point cloud is extracted, and an iterative closest point algorithm is then employed to register the target point cloud with a reference one. Taking the zero-angle condition as the reference, the rotation and translation matrices are obtained through point cloud registration. These matrices are subsequently converted into toe and camber angles via matrix-to-angle transformation. Experimental results verify that the proposed solution enables accurate angle measurement in a cost-effective, simple, and flexible manner. Furthermore, repeated experiments further validate its robustness and stability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Industrial Metrology: Methods, Uncertainties, and Challenges)
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Review

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22 pages, 529 KB  
Review
The Critical Role of International Comparisons in Global Metrology System: An Overview
by Patrice Salzenstein, Thomas Y. Wu and Ekaterina Pavlyuchenko
Metrology 2025, 5(4), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology5040074 - 3 Dec 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2090
Abstract
International comparisons play a critical role in ensuring precision, accuracy, consistency, and trust in the global metrology system. The Comité International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM) established the Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA) in 1999 to facilitate global trade. This paper gives an overview [...] Read more.
International comparisons play a critical role in ensuring precision, accuracy, consistency, and trust in the global metrology system. The Comité International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM) established the Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA) in 1999 to facilitate global trade. This paper gives an overview of the critical role of international comparisons to National Metrology Institutes (NMIs), industrial calibration laboratories, and research laboratories in fostering global measurement equivalence and the CIPM MRA. NMIs rely on Key and Supplementary Comparisons to ensure the mutual recognition of calibration and reference material certificates, vital for global trade and regulatory compliance. Industrial calibration laboratories participate in inter-laboratory or international comparisons to validate their calibration and measurement capability (CMC) and balance their risk management. Research laboratories push the frontiers of measurement science and validate their measurement result via international comparisons. Through some examples of comparisons, the paper illustrates how measurement result discrepancies uncovered in comparisons drive technical improvements, uncertainty component identification, and measurement technique refinement. International comparisons enhance scientific credibility, build public trust, support industrial innovation, and drive evolution in measurement science. As technological demands grow, fostering broader participation in international comparisons by various metrology and research laboratories remains crucial to maintain a robust and reliable global metrology system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Industrial Metrology: Methods, Uncertainties, and Challenges)
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