Mathematical Foundations of Blockchain Technology

A special issue of Mathematics (ISSN 2227-7390). This special issue belongs to the section "E: Applied Mathematics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 August 2026 | Viewed by 1305

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Computer Science Department, Roosevelt University, Chicago, IL, USA
Interests: blockchain technology; smart contracts; information security; cyber security

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Blockchain technology relies on a robust mathematical framework that ensures security, decentralization, and efficiency. The mathematical foundations of blockchain involve key areas such as cryptographic primitives, consensus mechanisms, distributed algorithms, and game theory. Structured mathematical models play a crucial role in analyzing and optimizing blockchain protocols, ensuring their scalability, security, and reliability.

This Special Issue aims to explore the algebraic, analytic, and computational aspects of blockchain technology, focusing on the mathematical principles underlying cryptographic security, consensus protocols, smart contract verification, and decentralized ledger systems. Special attention is given to the design of efficient algorithms that enhance blockchain performance and security while addressing theoretical challenges in distributed computing.

We invite original research and survey papers that advance the understanding of blockchain’s mathematical structures and provide innovative solutions to existing challenges. By bringing together experts in mathematics, cryptography, and distributed systems, this Special Issue seeks to foster interdisciplinary collaboration and drive future advancements in blockchain technology.

Dr. Pratima Sharma
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • blockchain mathematics
  • cryptographic primitives
  • consensus mechanisms
  • game theory in blockchain
  • distributed algorithms
  • mathematical modeling
  • security and scalability
  • decentralized systems

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

27 pages, 3039 KB  
Article
Dynamic Fee Markets at Sub-Second Timescales: Adapting EIP-1559 for High-Throughput Blockchains
by Petar Zhivkov and Eric Chen
Mathematics 2026, 14(7), 1232; https://doi.org/10.3390/math14071232 - 7 Apr 2026
Viewed by 550
Abstract
Dynamic fee market mechanisms, exemplified by EIP-1559, have been extensively studied for Ethereum’s 12 s block environment but remain uncharacterized at sub-second timescales. We present an agent-based simulation study of an EIP-1559 adaptation for Injective, a Layer 1 blockchain combining native EVM compatibility [...] Read more.
Dynamic fee market mechanisms, exemplified by EIP-1559, have been extensively studied for Ethereum’s 12 s block environment but remain uncharacterized at sub-second timescales. We present an agent-based simulation study of an EIP-1559 adaptation for Injective, a Layer 1 blockchain combining native EVM compatibility with CometBFT consensus, operating at 600 ms block times. Across twelve simulation runs (four parameter configurations × three demand scenarios), our analysis yields three findings: (1) temporal smoothing mechanisms (MA-25, 25-block trailing average) produce mixed effects in sub-second environments with up to 47% basefee overshoot during spam attacks and slight smoothing elsewhere, making per-block mechanisms preferable for consistent performance; (2) transitioning from 150M (66.66% target) to 300M (50% target) configuration reduces peak fees by 31% during variable demand; during spam attacks, the 300M configuration peaks 32% higher but recovers faster with block capacity as the primary driver for spam throughput; and (3) per-block mechanisms establish initial spam barriers within 17–32 s versus Ethereum’s 4–6 min, economically justifying lower minimum fees. We provide the first systematic sub-second EIP-1559 analysis and a parameter optimization framework for high-throughput chains. With proper tuning, dynamic fee mechanisms are compatible with high-throughput architectures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical Foundations of Blockchain Technology)
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