New Research on the Role and Effects of Structured Input in Assessing the Nature of Language Processing

A special issue of Languages (ISSN 2226-471X).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2025) | Viewed by 7166

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
School of Education, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
Interests: input processing; structured input; second language development
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Editor

Alessandro Benati is a professor at University College Dublin (Ireland). He has held positions in several British and overseas institutions. He is known for his work in second language acquisition, and he has published ground-breaking research on the pedagogical framework called processing instruction. His research on processing instruction has been recently driven by the use of new online measurements (e.g., eye tracking, self-paced reading, reaction times). Alessandro has coordinated national and international high-impact research projects that have been influential in determining educational policy and had an impact in providing effective language teacher training programmes. He is author and co-author of several research monographs and peer-reviewed articles in high-ranking journals, and editor and co-editor of book series and scientific journals such as He was a member of the subpanel for Modern Languages and Linguistics for the Research Excellence Framework for England (REF 2021) and is Honorary Professor at Your SJ University (UK), University of Hong Kong, and Visiting Professor at Anaheim University (USA).

Goal of the Special Issue

The idea for this Special Issue generates from the 30th anniversary of research measuring the relative effects of processing instruction and its components (structured input). At this particular moment in time, our attention is now turning to further assessing the effects of structured input using not only offline methods but online tests, such as self-paced reading and eye-tracking, to measure in-depth language processing (Benati, 2017; 2021). The main purpose of this Special Issue is to consolidate and extend previous findings in this field by publishing recent research which investigates the effects of structured input, particularly in the following three major areas (VanPatten, 2015):

  1. online methods to better assess the effects of structured input on language processing;
  2. micro-issues related to structured input such as frequency of tokens, effectiveness of referential and affective activities;
  3. the effects of structured input considering a number of individual differences such as aptitude, age, and motivation.

This Special Issue will provide an update on research on the effects of structured input and present groundbreaking empirical research using both offline and online measurements. The Special Issue will also offer ideas for future research in this field.

Relevance to current research

The role and effects of structured input in second language acquisition have been measured in different contexts, population, languages, and linguistic features, which show that processing is affected by numerous problems.  Most of the research clearly indicates that structured input has an effect on L2 learners’ accuracy in processing the target features under investigation and on the overall L2 learners developing system. The research presented in this Special Issue will provide new data investigating the importance of structured input in language development.

References

Benati, A. (2017). Classroom-oriented research: Processing Instruction (findings and implications). Language Teaching, 52(3), 343-359.

Benati, A. (2021). Input processing and processing instruction: The acquisition of Italian and Modern Standard Arabic. Benjamins Publishing.

VanPatten, B. (2015). Foundations of processing instruction. International Review of Applied Linguistics, 53(3), 91-109.

Prof. Dr. Alessandro Benati
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • input processing
  • structured input
  • processing instruction

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 5675 KB  
Article
Introducing Content-Based Structured Input to English-Medium Instruction: Evidence from Verb Pattern Acquisition in a Disciplinary Course for University Students in Poland
by Magdalena Walenta
Languages 2025, 10(10), 253; https://doi.org/10.3390/languages10100253 - 29 Sep 2025
Viewed by 672
Abstract
The rise of English-medium instruction (EMI) in higher education presents challenges for supporting language development alongside disciplinary learning, as it is typically delivered by content specialists with limited time and little or no background in language pedagogy. Against this backdrop, this study examines [...] Read more.
The rise of English-medium instruction (EMI) in higher education presents challenges for supporting language development alongside disciplinary learning, as it is typically delivered by content specialists with limited time and little or no background in language pedagogy. Against this backdrop, this study examines the effectiveness of computer-assisted content-based structured input (CBSI), compared to input flood (IF) and unmodified disciplinary input (Control), in enhancing students’ acquisition of English verb patterns in an EMI university course in Poland. All participants received the same asynchronous, computer-assisted disciplinary instruction, aligned with the course syllabus. The groups differed only in the type of input enhancement, which was developed by a language specialist in coordination with the course instructor. A split-block design was used to measure learning gains through a pre-test, post-test, and delayed post-test. Students in the CBSI group showed significantly greater and more sustained improvement than those in the IF and Control groups. These findings support CBSI as an effective and pedagogically feasible way to promote language development in EMI, integrating linguistic and disciplinary concerns while respecting the roles and integrity of both domains. Full article
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22 pages, 634 KB  
Article
Enhancing English Past Tense Acquisition: Comparative Effects of Structured Input, Referential, and Affective Activities
by Kaiqi Shi
Languages 2025, 10(9), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/languages10090212 - 28 Aug 2025
Viewed by 1007
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of structured input, referential activities, and affective activities on English simple past tense acquisition in a second language (L2). Thirty-three participants from a senior high school were divided into four groups based on the pretest–posttest design: referential only, [...] Read more.
This study investigates the impact of structured input, referential activities, and affective activities on English simple past tense acquisition in a second language (L2). Thirty-three participants from a senior high school were divided into four groups based on the pretest–posttest design: referential only, affective only, a combination of both, and a control group. A self-paced reading (SPR) test was used to measure accuracy and response times to evaluate the effectiveness of these instructional strategies. Structured input and referential tasks enhance grammatical acquisition more rapidly and accurately than affective-only treatments or controls, showing the beneficial effects of structured input on grammar acquisition. The results emphasized the importance of designing instructional strategies that address specific processing challenges in L2 learning by focusing on form–meaning connections. By demonstrating differential impacts of structured input activities on grammatical learning and processing efficiency, the research contributes to the field of second language acquisition. The SPR method was selected for its ability to capture subtle, immediate differences in processing at the word level, its suitability for controlled classroom-based online administration, and its established validity in L2 processing research. Unlike other methods, SPR allows precise measurement of reaction times for specific sentence components, isolating processing effects of the target grammatical form while minimizing the influence of explicit knowledge. Full article
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Review

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9 pages, 317 KB  
Review
The Nature, Role, and Effects of Structured Input Activities
by Alessandro Benati
Languages 2023, 8(2), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/languages8020135 - 26 May 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4359
Abstract
This paper is the introductory paper of the Special Issue titled: “New Research on the Role and Effects of Structured Input in Assessing the Nature of Language Processing”. It provides a clear analysis of the nature and role of structured input activities in [...] Read more.
This paper is the introductory paper of the Special Issue titled: “New Research on the Role and Effects of Structured Input in Assessing the Nature of Language Processing”. It provides a clear analysis of the nature and role of structured input activities in second language research and language pedagogy. It presents the main findings of genuine empirical research investigating the effectiveness of structured input on different forms and structures across different languages and among different populations. The paper provides suggestions for future research within this framework. Full article
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