Urban Land Use Planning in Europe: A Comparative Perspective

A Special Issue of Land (ISSN 2073-445X) belonging to the section "Urban Contexts and Urban-Rural Interactions".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 September 2026) | Viewed by 4472

Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Architecture, Land and Environmental Sciences, Neapolis University Pafos, 8042 Paphos, Cyprus
Interests: theory of land uses; planning methodology; planning standards

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Guest Editor
Department of Planning and Regional Development, University of Thessaly, 38334 Volos, Greece
Interests: land-use planning; spatial planning; planning systems; urban geography

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Guest Editor
Interuniversity Department of Regional and Urban Studies and Planning (DIST), Politecnico di Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy
Interests: comparative spatial governance and planning studies; land use right and regulation; sustainable urbanisation; just green transitions
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Europe is characterised by a wide range of legal, institutional, and administrative traditions which, over time, have given rise to diverse land use planning frameworks, policies, and practices. These transnational—and in some cases, even national or sub-national—differences pose significant challenges to understanding urban land use planning and ultimately limit the potential for mutual learning and policy transfer among countries, regions, and cities. These challenges, however, are hardly new. Since the end of the 1980s, scholars started to explore the heterogeneous landscape of European urban planning from a comparative perspective, until the EU Compendium of Spatial Planning Systems and Policies produced a typology that addressed the issue more systematically (1999). Since then, the research outputs developed in the framework of ESPON (ESPON projects 2.3.2, TANGO and COMPASS), ARL-International and various other institutions focused on cross-national territorial analysis, have demonstrated how urban planning in Europe continues to change and evolve, hence requiring a continuous and systematic effort to foster cross-national dialogue and understanding.

Despite their value, such compendiums and national reviews are rarely accompanied by empirical case studies that delve into detail and illustrate how different (or similar) planning frameworks influence the implementation of similar (or divergent) policies.

In this context, the goal of this Special Issue is to provide deeper insights into the varied frameworks and practices of urban land use planning across Europe by examining them through a comparative lens, supported by empirical research and detailed case studies. We specifically invite contributions that explore different dimensions of urban land use planning, provided they adopt either a transnational comparative approach or a national perspective involving comparisons across multiple regions or urban areas. Contributions may focus on either broad or niche areas within the field of urban land use planning.

This Special Issue will welcome manuscripts that link to the following indicative themes:

  • Policy implementation;
  • Plan preparation;
  • Public participation;
  • Land allocation mechanisms and zoning approaches;
  • Land development and development control procedures;
  • Market forces and private actors in land development;
  • Monitoring and evaluation of planning outcomes;
  • Urban densification, sprawl, and land consumption;
  • No-net-land-take policies and practices;
  • Infrastructure planning and planning standards;
  • Integration of climate change adaptation/mitigation in land use policies;
  • Land use governance;
  • GIS in urban land use planning.

Although the primary focus is on the European context, we also welcome submissions that extend beyond Europe, as long as the relevance of their findings to European planning debates is clearly articulated. Given the goals of this Special Issue and the international readership of Land, we particularly encourage authors to provide detailed and comparable descriptions of the institutional, governance, policy, and spatial contexts in which their empirical research and case studies are situated.

We look forward to receiving your original research articles and reviews.

Dr. Ioannis A. Pissourios
Dr. Georgia Gemenetzi
Dr. Giancarlo Cotella
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-anonymized peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Land is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • urban planning
  • land use planning
  • European planning systems
  • spatial policy
  • urban governance
  • contextual analysis
  • comparative study
  • cross-case analysis

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 667 KB  
Article
Pedestrians’ Perceptions of Walkability Determinants: A Comparative Study of Bologna and Porto Through the Lens of the 15-Minute City
by Fernando Fonseca, Paulo J. G. Ribeiro, George Papageorgiou, Elisa Conticelli, Mona Jabbari, Simona Tondelli and Rui Ramos
Land 2026, 15(8), 1498; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15081498 - 18 Aug 2026
Viewed by 311
Abstract
The 15-minute city (15MC) promotes compact and accessible urban environments where residents can meet their daily needs through active mobility. Research on the 15MC has predominantly used objective assessments, with less attention to residents’ perceptions of the urban environment. Drawing on a questionnaire [...] Read more.
The 15-minute city (15MC) promotes compact and accessible urban environments where residents can meet their daily needs through active mobility. Research on the 15MC has predominantly used objective assessments, with less attention to residents’ perceptions of the urban environment. Drawing on a questionnaire survey in Bologna and Porto (N = 1438), this study examines how pedestrians prioritize and evaluate walkability determinants and attributes, explores their relationship with walking behavior, and interprets selected attributes through the conceptual framework of the 15MC. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, Mann–Whitney U tests, and Spearman’s rank correlations. The results reveal broadly similar perceptions across both cities, with pedestrian infrastructure and proximity to community facilities receiving the highest evaluations. Through the 15MC lens, these priorities are mainly associated with proximity and connectivity. Respondents from Bologna reported more frequent walking, whereas those from Porto assigned greater importance to urban ambiance and access to other transport modes. Perceived walkability was only weakly associated with walking behavior. The findings provide comparative evidence on perceptions of walkability attributes associated with selected 15MC principles in two European cities, revealing broadly similar priorities alongside differences in the importance assigned to specific attributes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Land Use Planning in Europe: A Comparative Perspective)
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25 pages, 347 KB  
Article
Flexibility Issues in Land-Use Planning Systems: A Comparative Analysis of Cyprus, France, Greece and Italy
by Georgia Gemenetzi, Giancarlo Cotella, Christophe Demazière and Ioannis Pissourios
Land 2026, 15(6), 1081; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15061081 - 18 Jun 2026
Viewed by 620
Abstract
The paper conducts a comparative analysis of the flexibility of land-use planning systems in relation to four southern European countries: Cyprus, France, Greece and Italy. It examines how their respective institutional settings and legal frameworks allow for different levels of flexibility at different [...] Read more.
The paper conducts a comparative analysis of the flexibility of land-use planning systems in relation to four southern European countries: Cyprus, France, Greece and Italy. It examines how their respective institutional settings and legal frameworks allow for different levels of flexibility at different stages of the local land-use planning process. After analyzing the substance of the land-use planning system in each country—including constitutional and legal provisions, the degree of local autonomy, and the nature of land-use planning instruments—the paper explores the flexibility vs. rigidity dichotomy in the practice of land-use zoning across three dimensions. The first dimension relates to land-use regulations that allow for dynamic land-use changes and flexible zoning capable of better addressing urban challenges. The second dimension concerns the ease with which land-use plans can be updated to adapt to the changing needs. The third dimension deals with the process of development control over land uses. The results of the analysis display differential flexibility among the countries under investigation, which may be imputable to the nature of the legal framework and the different administrative and planning traditions. While no one-size-fits-all local spatial planning model exists, a set of good practices are presented that aim at balancing regulatory control with flexibility in urban land-use planning in different contexts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Land Use Planning in Europe: A Comparative Perspective)
21 pages, 20385 KB  
Article
Tracing Divergence in Athenian Urban Land-Use Planning: The Faliro Bay and Akademia Platonos Regeneration Projects
by Konstantina Stamatiou
Land 2026, 15(6), 1025; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15061025 - 10 Jun 2026
Viewed by 873
Abstract
Urban regeneration projects offer critical insights into contemporary urban land-use planning, particularly through high-profile interventions that reflect distinct planning visions and strategic approaches. This study examines two major regeneration initiatives in Athens: the redevelopment of Faliro Bay along the southern waterfront and the [...] Read more.
Urban regeneration projects offer critical insights into contemporary urban land-use planning, particularly through high-profile interventions that reflect distinct planning visions and strategic approaches. This study examines two major regeneration initiatives in Athens: the redevelopment of Faliro Bay along the southern waterfront and the regeneration of Akademia Platonos in the northwest. Faliro Bay, designated as a metropolitan hub in the revised Athens Master Plan, is currently the focus of a regeneration project aiming to transform a predominantly state-owned area—including former Olympic facilities and a degraded waterfront—into a major cultural and recreational destination, combining extensive green public spaces with landmark developments through public–private collaboration. In contrast, the Akademia Platonos project is a public-led intervention within a dense urban setting, encompassing an archaeological site, former industrial premises, and mixed-use neighborhoods. Its objective is to reorganize land uses, reduce building intensity, and enhance open space and public amenities. These cases are comparatively assessed in terms of strategic orientation, governance structure, planning practices, and outcomes; this analysis highlights divergent planning trajectories and underscores the institutional, spatial, and governance challenges shaping the implementation of urban regeneration policies in contemporary Athens. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Land Use Planning in Europe: A Comparative Perspective)
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21 pages, 282 KB  
Article
Participation Under Pressure: Land Use Planning in Ireland and Serbia
by Ana Perić, Antonije Ćatić and Siniša Trkulja
Land 2026, 15(5), 730; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15050730 - 25 Apr 2026
Viewed by 582
Abstract
Public participation in planning, though a foundational democratic principle, faces persistent implementation challenges across diverse planning systems. This paper examines participatory planning practice in Ireland and Serbia—two countries representing distinct planning traditions (discretionary and conformance-based, respectively) yet confronting shared structural pressures. Through comparative [...] Read more.
Public participation in planning, though a foundational democratic principle, faces persistent implementation challenges across diverse planning systems. This paper examines participatory planning practice in Ireland and Serbia—two countries representing distinct planning traditions (discretionary and conformance-based, respectively) yet confronting shared structural pressures. Through comparative analysis of four local land use planning instruments (the Development Plan and Local Area Plan in Ireland; the Municipal Spatial Plan and General Regulation Plan in Serbia), the study investigates how institutional design and legislative frameworks shape the depth and quality of participatory practice. Methodologically, the research triangulates statutory regulations, public hearing documentation, and non-statutory participation records across two planning scales (county/municipal and local/sub-municipal). A four-dimensional analytical framework—informing, consultation, collaboration, and monitoring—guides the systematic comparison of participatory mechanisms across the selected cases. Findings reveal that, while both systems remain predominantly at the informing and consultation levels, critical differences emerge in how participation is structured and documented in institutional practice. Ireland’s discretionary system enables multi-channel information dissemination, feedback-oriented consultation, and non-statutory collaborative experimentation beyond legal minimums. Serbia’s conformance-based system confines participation largely to statutory procedures, with objection-based consultation and limited collaborative mechanisms, though distinctive features, such as the public hearing session, provide direct opportunities for deliberation absent in the Irish context. The study contributes to European comparative planning scholarship by demonstrating that participatory depth is shaped less by the formal existence of legal provisions than by the interplay between institutional design, procedural arrangements, transparency, and responsiveness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Land Use Planning in Europe: A Comparative Perspective)
23 pages, 1656 KB  
Article
Urban Sprawl Inside and Outside Natura 2000 Sites (SPAs) in Mediterranean EU States: The Case of Cyprus
by Panicos Panayides, Panicos Panayi, Maria Tziraki, Petroula Mavrikiou and Byron Ioannou
Land 2026, 15(3), 481; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15030481 - 17 Mar 2026
Viewed by 820
Abstract
Land-use change associated with scattered (isolated) housing in the countryside remains largely underestimated in conventional European land-use datasets due to spatial resolution and minimum mapping unit constraints. This study quantifies low-density urban sprawl at the building level in Cyprus for the period 1993–2022, [...] Read more.
Land-use change associated with scattered (isolated) housing in the countryside remains largely underestimated in conventional European land-use datasets due to spatial resolution and minimum mapping unit constraints. This study quantifies low-density urban sprawl at the building level in Cyprus for the period 1993–2022, both within and outside Special Protection Areas (SPAs) of the Natura 2000 network. Situating the analysis within a broader Mediterranean EU planning context, the paper examines how local spatial patterns reflect wider development trajectories, including tourism-driven growth and second-home demand. Results reveal a fivefold increase in isolated housing outside development planning zones, from 2440 units in 1993 to 12,640 in 2022 (+418%). Significant increases occurred within agricultural zones (Γ: +568%) and even in protection zones (Z1: +438%). Within SPAs, isolated houses rose from 341 to 1556 (+356%), while total building premises within these areas increased from 955 to 3649 (+282%), indicating statistically significant encroachment. Although Natura 2000 designation appears to have moderated development rates compared to the broader countryside, it has not prevented sprawl. The findings demonstrate substantial cumulative impacts on landscapes, ecosystems, and land-use planning objectives, highlighting the urgent need for stricter regulation of dispersed houses and auxiliary buildings both within protected and non-protected rural areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Land Use Planning in Europe: A Comparative Perspective)
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