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Advances in Aerodynamic–Hydrodynamic Effects and Fluid–Structure Interaction Mechanisms for Offshore...
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Advances in Aerodynamic–Hydrodynamic Effects and Fluid–Structure Interaction Mechanisms for Offshore Wind Turbines

A special issue of Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (ISSN 2077-1312). This special issue belongs to the section "Marine Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 1 July 2026 | Viewed by 2518

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Tian Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
Interests: wind turbine aerodynamics; wind farm control; wind power prediction; wind farm optimization; offshore wind turbine; fluid–structure interaction
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Zhenqing Liu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Interests: integrated simulation of wind turbines; vibration reduction strategies for wind turbines; land/offshore wind resource assessment software; offshore wind energy and wave energy utilization; wind power monitoring; operation and maintenance; safety assessment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Shaopeng Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
Interests: bridge aerodynamics; bluff-body aerodynamics; turbulence; wind tunnel testing; offshore wind turbine
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Offshore wind energy stands as a cornerstone of the global transition to sustainable power, yet the pursuit of deeper waters and larger turbines intensifies the multiphysics challenges at the fluid–structure interface. Aerodynamic loads from turbulent wind fields, hydrodynamic excitations from extreme waves, and their dynamic coupling with floating platforms and flexible blades collectively govern the efficiency, stability, and longevity of offshore wind systems. Despite recent advances, critical gaps persist in understanding the nonlinear interactions between unsteady flow physics and structural responses, particularly under typhoons and multi-directional sea states.

This Special Issue seeks to bridge these gaps by synthesizing cutting-edge research across ​​numerical modeling, ​​experimental validation​​, and ​​data-driven innovations​​ into a cohesive framework. Contributions may explore high-fidelity simulations of coupled aerodynamic–hydrodynamic structural systems, experimental techniques for synchronously capturing wind–wave–platform interactions in basin tests, and hybrid approaches that integrate machine learning with physics-based models to refine turbulence closure schemes or predict fatigue hotspots. A special emphasis is placed on methodologies that unify multiscale flow physics—from blade tip vortices to platform surge–pitch dynamics—and translate these insights into design guidelines for next-generation floating turbines. By fostering cross-disciplinary dialog among fluid mechanists, marine engineers, and renewable energy specialists, this issue aims to catalyze breakthroughs in the predictive accuracy, operational resilience, and cost-effective deployment of offshore wind technologies.

Prof. Dr. Tian Li
Prof. Dr. Zhenqing Liu
Prof. Dr. Shaopeng Li
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • aerodynamic–hydrodynamic effects
  • fluid–structure interaction
  • floating wind turbines
  • multiscale flow physics
  • typhoon resilience
  • numerical–experimental methods
  • turbulence modeling

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

22 pages, 4959 KB  
Article
A Study on the Response of Monopile Foundations for Offshore Wind Turbines Using Numerical Analysis Methods
by Zhijun Wang, Di Liu, Shujie Zhao, Nielei Huang, Bo Han and Xiangyu Kong
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2026, 14(8), 691; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14080691 - 8 Apr 2026
Viewed by 317
Abstract
The prediction of dynamic responses of offshore wind turbine foundations under wind-wave-current multi-field coupled loads is the cornerstone of safety in offshore wind power engineering. The currently widely adopted equivalent load application method, while computationally efficient, simplifies loads into concentrated forces applied at [...] Read more.
The prediction of dynamic responses of offshore wind turbine foundations under wind-wave-current multi-field coupled loads is the cornerstone of safety in offshore wind power engineering. The currently widely adopted equivalent load application method, while computationally efficient, simplifies loads into concentrated forces applied at the pile top and tower top, neglecting fluid-structure dynamic interaction mechanisms, which leads to deviations in response predictions. To overcome this limitation, this paper proposes a high-precision bidirectional fluid-structure interaction numerical framework. The fluid domain employs computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to construct an air-seawater two-phase flow model, utilizing the standard k-ε turbulence model and nonlinear wave theory to accurately simulate complex marine environments. The solid domain establishes a wind turbine-stratified seabed system via the finite element method (FEM), describing soil-rock mechanical properties based on the Mohr-Coulomb constitutive model. Comparative studies indicate that the equivalent static method significantly underestimates the displacement response of pile foundations, particularly under the extreme shutdown conditions examined in this study. This value should be interpreted as a case-specific observation rather than a universal deviation, and the discrepancy may vary with sea state, wind speed, current velocity, and wind–wave misalignment, thereby leading to non-conservative estimates of stress distribution. In contrast, the fluid-structure interaction method can reveal key physical processes such as local flow acceleration and wake–interference effects around the tower and the parked rotor under shutdown conditions, and the nonlinear interaction and resistance-increasing mechanisms between waves and currents. This model provides a reliable tool for safety assessment and damage evolution analysis of wind turbine foundations under extreme marine conditions, promoting the transformation of offshore wind power structure design from empirical formulas to mechanism-driven approaches. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Aerodynamic–Hydrodynamic Effects and Fluid–Structure Interaction Mechanisms for Offshore Wind Turbines)
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28 pages, 5136 KB  
Article
Stage-Aware Reconstruction of Typhoon Inflow for Offshore Wind Turbines Using WRF and TurbSim
by Jundong Wang, Liye Zhao, Lei Xue, Qianqian Li and Yu Xue
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2026, 14(5), 438; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14050438 - 26 Feb 2026
Viewed by 390
Abstract
Accurate typhoon inflow characterization is essential for offshore wind turbine safety in typhoon-prone regions. This study presents a physics-informed WRF–TurbSim framework that reconstructs rotor-relevant, stage-aware inflow fields for Typhoon In-Fa (2021) by mapping mesoscale stability and turbulence diagnostics into a User-Defined von Kármán [...] Read more.
Accurate typhoon inflow characterization is essential for offshore wind turbine safety in typhoon-prone regions. This study presents a physics-informed WRF–TurbSim framework that reconstructs rotor-relevant, stage-aware inflow fields for Typhoon In-Fa (2021) by mapping mesoscale stability and turbulence diagnostics into a User-Defined von Kármán model. Spectral and coherence checks confirm consistency with the imposed constraints and show pronounced regime dependence: low-frequency coherence decay remains near IEC neutral behavior, whereas high-frequency decay weakens substantially during the stable eye stage. The results suggest that neutral coherence assumptions may be unreliable in strongly stable typhoon regimes, motivating stage-aware inflow characterization for engineering applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Aerodynamic–Hydrodynamic Effects and Fluid–Structure Interaction Mechanisms for Offshore Wind Turbines)
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21 pages, 3854 KB  
Article
Model Updating of an Offshore Wind Turbine Support Structure Based on Modal Identification and Bayesian Inference
by Chi Yu, Jiayi Deng, Chao Chen, Mumin Rao, Congtao Luo and Xugang Hua
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(12), 2354; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13122354 - 10 Dec 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 659
Abstract
Offshore wind turbine support structures are in harsh and unsteady marine environments, and their dynamic characteristics could change gradually after long-term service. To better understand the status and improve remaining life estimation, it is essential to conduct in situ measurement and update the [...] Read more.
Offshore wind turbine support structures are in harsh and unsteady marine environments, and their dynamic characteristics could change gradually after long-term service. To better understand the status and improve remaining life estimation, it is essential to conduct in situ measurement and update the numerical models of these support structures. In this paper, the modal properties of a 5.5 MW offshore wind turbine were first identified by a widely used operational modal analysis technique, frequency-domain decomposition, given the acceleration data obtained from eight sensors located at four different heights on the tower. Then, a finite element model was created in MATLAB R2020a and a set of model parameters including scour depth, foundation stiffness, hydrodynamic added mass and damping coefficients was updated in a Bayesian inference frame. It is found that the posterior distributions of most parameters significantly differ from their prior distributions, except for the hydrodynamic added mass coefficient. The predicted natural frequencies and damping ratios with the updated parameters are close to those values identified with errors less than 2%. But relatively large differences are found when comparing some of the predicted and identified mode shape coefficients. Specifically, it is found that different combinations of the scour depth and foundation stiffness coefficient can reach very similar modal property predictions, meaning that model updating results are not unique. This research demonstrates that the Bayesian inference framework is effective in constructing a more accurate model, even when confronting the inherent challenge of non-unique parameter identifiability, as encountered with scour depth and foundation stiffness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Aerodynamic–Hydrodynamic Effects and Fluid–Structure Interaction Mechanisms for Offshore Wind Turbines)
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18 pages, 6293 KB  
Article
Operational Modal Analysis of a Monopile Offshore Wind Turbine via Bayesian Spectral Decomposition
by Mumin Rao, Xugang Hua, Chi Yu, Zhouquan Feng, Jiayi Deng, Zengru Yang, Yuhuan Zhang, Feiyun Deng and Zhichao Wu
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(12), 2326; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13122326 - 8 Dec 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 634
Abstract
Offshore wind turbines (OWTs) operate under harsh marine conditions involving strong winds, waves, and salt-laden air, which increase the risk of excessive vibrations and structural failures such as tower collapse. To ensure structural safety and achieve effective vibration control, accurate modal parameter identification [...] Read more.
Offshore wind turbines (OWTs) operate under harsh marine conditions involving strong winds, waves, and salt-laden air, which increase the risk of excessive vibrations and structural failures such as tower collapse. To ensure structural safety and achieve effective vibration control, accurate modal parameter identification is essential. In this study, a vibration monitoring system was developed, and the Bayesian Spectral Decomposition (BSD) method was applied for the operational modal analysis of a 5.5 MW monopile OWT. The monitoring system consisted of ten uniaxial accelerometers mounted at five elevations along the tower, with two orthogonally oriented sensors at each level to capture horizontal vibrations. Due to continuous nacelle yawing, the measured accelerations were projected onto the structural fore–aft (FA) and side–side (SS) directions prior to modal analysis. Two days of vibration and SCADA data were collected: one under rated rotor speed and another including one hour of idle state. Data preprocessing involved outlier removal, low-pass filtering, and directional projection. The obtained data were divided into 20-min segments, and the BSD approach was applied to extract the primary modal parameters in both FA and SS directions. Comparison with results from the Stochastic Subspace Identification (SSI) technique showed strong consistency, verifying the reliability of the BSD method and its advantage in uncertainty quantification. The results indicate that the identified modal frequencies remain relatively stable under both rated and idle conditions, whereas the damping ratios increase with wind speed, with a more significant growth observed in the FA direction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Aerodynamic–Hydrodynamic Effects and Fluid–Structure Interaction Mechanisms for Offshore Wind Turbines)
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