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JMSE
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Wave–Structure–Seabed Interaction
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Wave–Structure–Seabed Interaction

A special issue of Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (ISSN 2077-1312). This special issue belongs to the section "Ocean Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 May 2026 | Viewed by 5845

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Fuping Gao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518071, China
Interests: marine soil mechanics; marine platform foundation system; offshore wind turbine support structure; watershed water resources development
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Hongwei An

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering, The University of Western Australia (M051), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Australia
Interests: engineering and mathematical sciences
Prof. Dr. Jisheng Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
Interests: offshore geotechnics; coastal engineering; tidal stream energy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent years, there has been rapid development in the innovative design and installation of offshore structures for exploiting offshore oil and gas and renewable energy resources, including offshore wind, waves, and tidal currents. Understanding the complex interactions between ocean waves/currents, engineering structures, and seabed soils is pivotal in underpinning offshore structure systems' safety and resilience. Accordingly, JMSE is publishing a Special Issue on “Wave–Structure–Seabed Interaction”.

This Special Issue aims to collect the most recent advances in analytical and numerical analyses and physical modeling of fluid–structure–soil coupling processes. You are invited to contribute a research, review, or perspective article. We believe your contributions would significantly push the boundaries of knowledge in this research field. This issue will be open for submissions for a few months to attract worldwide attention.

Prof. Dr. Fuping Gao
Dr. Hongwei An
Prof. Dr. Jisheng Zhang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • seabed liquefaction
  • scour and erosion
  • offshore structure–seabed interaction
  • wave–structure–seabed interaction

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

28 pages, 5247 KB  
Article
Comparative Analysis of High-Fidelity and Reduced-Order Models for Nonlinear Wave–Bathymetry and Wave–Structure Interactions
by Wen-Huai Tsao and Christopher E. Kees
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2026, 14(7), 594; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14070594 - 24 Mar 2026
Viewed by 463
Abstract
This paper presents a computational study of wave–bathymetry and wave–structure interaction problems using advanced numerical techniques based on high-fidelity, two-phase Navier–Stokes (TpNS) flow and reduced-order, fully nonlinear potential flow models. For high-fidelity simulations, the TpNS equations are discretized using the finite-element method, with [...] Read more.
This paper presents a computational study of wave–bathymetry and wave–structure interaction problems using advanced numerical techniques based on high-fidelity, two-phase Navier–Stokes (TpNS) flow and reduced-order, fully nonlinear potential flow models. For high-fidelity simulations, the TpNS equations are discretized using the finite-element method, with free-surface evolution captured through a hybrid level-set (LS) and volume-of-fluid (VOF) formulation. A monolithic, phase-conservative LS equation is introduced to mitigate mass loss and interface smearing, combined with a semi-implicit projection scheme. Hydrodynamic forces are resolved using a high-order, phase-resolving cut finite-element method (CutFEM), which enables the representation of complex solid geometries within a fixed background mesh. An equivalent polynomial of Heaviside and Dirac distributions ensures accurate evaluation of surface and volume integrals. Hence, no explicit generation of cut cell meshes, adaptive quadrature, or local refinement is required. For reduced-order modeling, a fast regularized boundary integral method (RBIM) is employed to solve the fully nonlinear potential flow. Singular and near-singular integrals are treated using a subtract-and-addition technique based on auxiliary functions derived from Stokes’ theorem, allowing direct application of high-order quadrature without conventional boundary element discretization. An arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) formulation is adopted to enforce free-surface boundary conditions while avoiding excessive mesh distortion. The proposed approaches are applied to investigate highly nonlinear wave transformation over complex bathymetry and wave-induced dynamics of floating structures, including eddy-making damping effects. Numerical results are validated against experimental measurements. These two modeling approaches represent complementary levels of physical fidelity and computational efficiency, and their systematic comparison clarifies the trade-offs between computational accuracy, efficiency, and cost for practical marine problems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wave–Structure–Seabed Interaction)
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22 pages, 5575 KB  
Article
Influence of Seabed Scouring on the Bearing Capacity of Suction Caisson Foundations of Offshore Wind Turbines
by Zhuang Jin, Xuan Liu, Mayao Cheng, Maozhu Peng and Jie Yang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2026, 14(2), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14020171 - 13 Jan 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 580
Abstract
Local scour around suction caisson foundations has emerged as a significant geotechnical hazard for offshore wind turbines as developments extend into deeper waters. This study quantitatively evaluates the scour-induced degradation of the bearing capacity of suction buckets in sand using a three-dimensional finite [...] Read more.
Local scour around suction caisson foundations has emerged as a significant geotechnical hazard for offshore wind turbines as developments extend into deeper waters. This study quantitatively evaluates the scour-induced degradation of the bearing capacity of suction buckets in sand using a three-dimensional finite element model incorporating the Hardening Soil (HS) constitutive model. The HS framework enables realistic representation of stress-dependent stiffness, dilatancy, and plastic hardening, which are essential for simulating stress redistribution caused by scour. Parametric analyses covering a broad range of relative scour depths show that scour depth is the primary factor governing capacity loss. Increasing scour leads to systematic reductions in horizontal and moment capacities, evident stiffness softening, and a downward migration of plastic zones. A critical threshold is identified at Sd/L = 0.3, beyond which the rate of capacity deterioration increases significantly. The H–M failure envelopes contract progressively and exhibit increasing flattening with scour depth while maintaining nearly constant eccentricity. Empirical relationships between scour depth and key envelope parameters are further proposed to support engineering prediction. The results highlight the necessity of integrating scour effects into design and assessment procedures for suction bucket foundations to ensure the long-term performance and safety of offshore wind turbines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wave–Structure–Seabed Interaction)
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24 pages, 31783 KB  
Article
Investigation of Edge Scour and Undermining Process of Conical Structure Around a Monopile
by Jinming Tu, Fan Yang, Chi Yu and Fuming Wang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2026, 14(1), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14010090 - 2 Jan 2026
Viewed by 522
Abstract
The scour protection performance of the conical structure under different slope angles, α, was investigated through numerical simulations. By solving the Navier–Stokes (N–S) equations, using the Renormalization Group (RNG) k–ε turbulence model and the Meyer-Peter and Müller (MPM) sediment transport [...] Read more.
The scour protection performance of the conical structure under different slope angles, α, was investigated through numerical simulations. By solving the Navier–Stokes (N–S) equations, using the Renormalization Group (RNG) k–ε turbulence model and the Meyer-Peter and Müller (MPM) sediment transport formula, the scour protection performance, undermining process, and the flow field around the devices were fully analyzed at different slope angles. The findings indicate that the conical scour protection provides effective protection against scour damage. As the slope angle increases, greater scour depth is observed around the structure. A critical slope angle was identified between 30° and 40°, slope angle effects are obvious below the threshold; otherwise, it minimized. Undermining is the main cause of failure of such stiff scour protection, mainly driven by flow contraction and sand sliding. Upstream undermining beneath the structure is more pronounced, while the downstream undermining is largely related to the near-bed flow separation point. The critical undermining point (CUP) is proposed based on the undermining curve to distinguish the undermining state, which is critical in scour protection and structural stability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wave–Structure–Seabed Interaction)
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25 pages, 7358 KB  
Article
Experimental Study of Local Scour Around Two Compound Piles in Tandem, Side-by-Side and Staggered Arrangements Under Steady Current
by Muhammad Adnan, Ming Zhao, Helen Wu, Adnan Munir and Vatsal Dhamelia
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2026, 14(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14010027 - 23 Dec 2025
Viewed by 549
Abstract
Scour around two compound piles (CPs) in tandem, side-by-side (SBS), and staggered arrangements is investigated through experiments. Each CP has a larger diameter foundation, which is partially buried, and a smaller diameter top part with a diameter ratio of 0.5. The exposed height [...] Read more.
Scour around two compound piles (CPs) in tandem, side-by-side (SBS), and staggered arrangements is investigated through experiments. Each CP has a larger diameter foundation, which is partially buried, and a smaller diameter top part with a diameter ratio of 0.5. The exposed height of the foundation is equal to its diameter. Experiments are conducted for gap ratios from 1 to 3. Due to the shadowing effect from the upstream CP, the downstream CP in the tandem arrangement has shallower scour depth and its most downstream point has deposition at an early stage. In the SBS arrangement, the scour does not have much difference from that of a single CP, but the inner side of each CP has a slightly deeper scour hole than the outer side of each CP and scour hole became independent at gap ratio of 3. In the staggered arrangement, the shadowing effect from the upstream CP was experienced by the downstream CP when G/D = 1, but not 1.5 and 3. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wave–Structure–Seabed Interaction)
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33 pages, 20783 KB  
Article
Wave-Induced Seabed Stability in an Infinite Porous Seabed: Effects of Phase-Lags
by Xufen He and Dong-Sheng Jeng
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(8), 1397; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13081397 - 23 Jul 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 988
Abstract
The evaluation of the wave-induced seabed stability such as liquefaction and shear failure is one of the factors that must be considered in the design of marine infrastructures. Due to the transformation within the porous medium, the wave-induced soil response manifests itself as [...] Read more.
The evaluation of the wave-induced seabed stability such as liquefaction and shear failure is one of the factors that must be considered in the design of marine infrastructures. Due to the transformation within the porous medium, the wave-induced soil response manifests itself as a phase delay in the dynamic wave pressure on the seabed surface, which is referred to as “phase-lag”. In this study, the analytical solutions of wave-induced soil response in an infinite porous seabed are further examined to clarify the effects of phase-lags. Based on the coefficient of relative rigidity of the soil skeleton to the pore fluid (Rk), a simplified approximation is derived. The expressions of the phase-lags for wave-induced soil response are presented for various cases. Moreover, the phase-lag effects on instantaneous liquefaction and shear failure are analysed. Based on the parametric study, it is concluded the extreme phase-lag for wave-induced pore pressure increases with increasing Rk, the extreme phase-lag for horizontal effective stress and shear stress decrease with increasing Rk. Furthermore, the liquefaction zone and shear failure zone increase with increasing Rk. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wave–Structure–Seabed Interaction)
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22 pages, 20084 KB  
Article
A Comparative Analysis of In Situ Testing Methods for Clay Strength Evaluation Using the Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian Method
by Hebo Wang, Yifa Wang, Biao Li, Wengang Qi and Ning Wang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 935; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050935 - 9 May 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1681
Abstract
The progression of marine resource exploration into deepwater and ultra-deepwater regions has intensified the requirement for precise quantification of the undrained shear strength of clay. Although diverse in situ testing methodologies—including the vane shear test (VST), cone penetration test (CPT), T-bar penetration test [...] Read more.
The progression of marine resource exploration into deepwater and ultra-deepwater regions has intensified the requirement for precise quantification of the undrained shear strength of clay. Although diverse in situ testing methodologies—including the vane shear test (VST), cone penetration test (CPT), T-bar penetration test (TPT), and ball penetration test (BPT)—are widely utilized for the assessment of clay strength, systematic discrepancies and correlations between their derived measurements remain inadequately resolved. The aim of this work is to provide a systematic comparison of strength interpretations across different in situ testing methods, with emphasis on identifying method-specific biases under varying soil behaviors. To achieve this, a unified numerical simulation framework was developed to simulate these four prevalent testing techniques, employing large-deformation finite element analysis via the Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian (CEL) approach. The model integrates critical constitutive behaviors of marine clays, specifically strain softening and strain rate dependency, to replicate in situ shear strength evolution. Rigorous sensitivity analyses confirm the model’s robustness. The results indicate that, when the stain rate and softening effects are neglected, the resistance factors from the CPT and VST remain largely insensitive to shear strength variations. However, T-bar and ball penetrometers tend to underestimate strength by up to 15% in high-strength soils due to the incomplete development of a full-flow failure mechanism. As a result, their application in high-strength soils is not recommended. With both the strain rate and softening effects considered, the interpreted strength value Sut from the CPT increases by 13.5% compared to cases excluding these effects, while other methods exhibit marginal decreases of 4–5%. The isolated analysis of strain softening reveals that, under identical softening parameters, the CPT demonstrates the least sensitivity to strain softening among the four methods examined, with the factor reduction ratio Ns/N0 ranging from 0.76 to 1.00, while the other three methods range from 0.65 to 0.88. The results indicate that the CPT is well suited for strength testing in soils exhibiting pronounced softening behavior, as it reduces the influence of strain softening on the measured results. These findings provide critical insights into method-specific biases in undrained shear strength assessments, supporting a more reliable interpretation of in situ test data for deepwater geotechnical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wave–Structure–Seabed Interaction)
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