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Control and Optimization of Marine Renewable Energy Systems
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Control and Optimization of Marine Renewable Energy Systems

A Special Issue of Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (ISSN 2077-1312) belonging to the section "Marine Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 5 February 2027 | Viewed by 4243

Editors

Prof. Dr. Guang Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
Interests: control system design; offshore renewable energies; wave energy converter; floating offshore wind turbine; optimal power management
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Yingbo Huang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
Interests: integrated modelling; offshore renewable energies; adaptive control; vibration control; parameter estimation; transient performance improvement

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Marine renewable energy systems (MRESs) usually exhibit complicated hydrodynamic and aerodynamic properties and have strong design couplings and constraints across different design domains (mechanical, electrical, power electronics, energy storage, etc.). These complexities introduce great challenges for the development of MRESs towards their commercialization. Device design optimization and control system design play a central role in improving the performance of MRESs: increasing energy conversion efficiency, improving resilience, and enhancing safe operations and resilience against harsh and changing sea conditions. Innovations in design optimization and control for MRESs will ultimately contribute to the reduction in the unit cost of electricity generation and increase their competitiveness in the energy market. This Special Issue focuses on the latest developments in control and design techniques for MRESs, including sea wave, tidal, ocean thermal, salinity gradient, etc. Offshore wind and hybrid energy systems can also be included.

Prof. Dr. Guang Li
Dr. Yingbo Huang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-anonymized peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • control system design
  • optimal design
  • wave energy
  • tidal energy
  • offshore wind
  • ocean thermal
  • salinity gradient

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

26 pages, 13250 KB  
Article
An EMD-Based Power Allocation Approach for Hybrid Energy Storage Systems to Smooth PMLG Output Power
by Zhengyuan Zhu, Yuda Sheng, Minshuo Chen, Lei Huang, Wei Qin, Jianlong Yang and Ruisi Guo
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2026, 14(17), 1642; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14171642 - 4 Sep 2026
Viewed by 312
Abstract
Direct-drive wave power generation systems based on permanent magnet linear generators (PMLGs) produce fluctuating electromagnetic power under irregular wave excitation, which may affect DC-bus voltage stability and load-side power quality. To smooth the fluctuating output power, this paper develops an empirical mode decomposition [...] Read more.
Direct-drive wave power generation systems based on permanent magnet linear generators (PMLGs) produce fluctuating electromagnetic power under irregular wave excitation, which may affect DC-bus voltage stability and load-side power quality. To smooth the fluctuating output power, this paper develops an empirical mode decomposition (EMD)-based power allocation strategy for a battery–supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system (HESS). In the proposed strategy, EMD is used to decompose the fluctuating electromagnetic power into low-frequency and high-frequency components according to their time-scale characteristics. The low-frequency component is assigned to the battery for energy buffering, while the high-frequency component is assigned to the supercapacitor for transient power compensation. Finite-control-set model predictive current control (FCS-MPCC) is adopted on the generator side to improve the current response of the PMLG, and an MPC-based HESS controller is designed to track the assigned power commands and regulate the DC-bus voltage. Simulation results show a battery power-tracking error of 3.93 W and a DC-bus voltage standard deviation of 0.108 V; compared with LPF, EMD reduced the load-step voltage deviation by 11.94%. Experiments confirm that the PMLG back-EMF follows the translator velocity, the storage currents track their references, and the DC-bus voltage remains within ±2 V of its reference. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Optimization of Marine Renewable Energy Systems)
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30 pages, 6432 KB  
Article
An ASTA-Based Variable-Damping Control with Five-Vector MPCC for a Dual Three-Phase PMLG in Wave Energy Conversion System
by Zhengyuan Zhu, Yuda Sheng, Minshuo Chen, Lei Huang, Yuyang Bai, Ziyi Gu, Xinyang Cao, Zihang Zhou and Jianlong Yang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2026, 14(15), 1384; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14151384 - 28 Jul 2026
Viewed by 313
Abstract
An adaptive super-twisting algorithm (ASTA)-based variable-damping strategy coordinated with five-vector model predictive current control (FV-MPCC) is proposed for a dual three-phase permanent magnet linear generator (DTP-PMLG) wave energy conversion system. In the upper-level controller, the power take-off (PTO) damping coefficient is adjusted online [...] Read more.
An adaptive super-twisting algorithm (ASTA)-based variable-damping strategy coordinated with five-vector model predictive current control (FV-MPCC) is proposed for a dual three-phase permanent magnet linear generator (DTP-PMLG) wave energy conversion system. In the upper-level controller, the power take-off (PTO) damping coefficient is adjusted online based on the captured power gradient, and finite-time convergence of the power-gradient variable is established via Lyapunov analysis. In the lower-level controller, four active voltage vectors and one zero voltage vector are applied in each sampling period, so that the d–q–x–y current components are directly included in the action-time calculation. Therefore, q-axis current tracking and x–y harmonic-current suppression are achieved simultaneously. Simulation results under two irregular-wave conditions show that the proposed variable-damping law approaches the optimal fixed-damping performance without requiring prior sea-state-specific damping selection, increasing the mean captured power by 2.38% and 3.44% relative to the optimal fixed-damping cases. Experimental results further confirm that the proposed FV-MPCC reduces the d-axis and q-axis current ripples by 35.92% and 40.66%, respectively, compared with conventional MPCC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Optimization of Marine Renewable Energy Systems)
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21 pages, 4458 KB  
Article
Frequency-Tracking-Based Resonance Control for a Variable-Stiffness Point-Absorber Wave Energy Converter
by Jinshan Peng, Haoran He and Yingbo Huang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2026, 14(11), 1040; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14111040 - 1 Jun 2026
Viewed by 372
Abstract
To improve the energy capture efficiency of wave energy converters (WECs), various control strategies based on adjustable power take-off (PTO) systems have been developed. However, such approaches often impose stringent requirements on PTO structural design and generator performance. To address this issue, this [...] Read more.
To improve the energy capture efficiency of wave energy converters (WECs), various control strategies based on adjustable power take-off (PTO) systems have been developed. However, such approaches often impose stringent requirements on PTO structural design and generator performance. To address this issue, this paper proposes a novel variable-stiffness point-absorber wave energy converter (VSPAWEC). In the proposed system, a stiffness regulator (SR) composed of a magnetorheological damper (MRD) and a spring mechanism is introduced as a frequency-tuning device, enabling stiffness compensation of the point absorber within a certain operating range. Based on the SR mechanism, a frequency-tracking resonance control strategy is further developed. Specifically, a sliding mode control algorithm is employed to regulate the MRD in real time, allowing the piston rod to track a reference position signal generated from the known dominant wave frequency. In this way, the spring force applied to the buoy can be adjusted adaptively, so that resonance between the buoy and the incident waves can be achieved. Finally, numerical simulations are conducted to evaluate the variable-stiffness characteristics of the proposed VSPAWEC and to verify the effectiveness of the developed frequency-tracking control strategy. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed concept for resonance tuning and wave energy capture enhancement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Optimization of Marine Renewable Energy Systems)
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21 pages, 1482 KB  
Article
Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Tuned Mass Damper for Vibration Suppression of Floating Offshore Wind Turbine
by Zhendong Yang, Haoran He, Faxiang Zhang and Jing Na
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2026, 14(7), 634; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14070634 - 30 Mar 2026
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 871
Abstract
Stable wind resources in far-reaching sea areas are important direction for the development of renewable energy, making floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) a focus of current research. However, the working environment of FOWT is severe. Under the condition of changeable wind and waves, [...] Read more.
Stable wind resources in far-reaching sea areas are important direction for the development of renewable energy, making floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) a focus of current research. However, the working environment of FOWT is severe. Under the condition of changeable wind and waves, the floating platform exhibits various motion responses, which may reduce power generation efficiency and even lead to structural damage with unpredictable consequences. In this paper, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 5 MW OC4-DeepCwind semi-submersible wind turbine is considered, and a multi-degree-of-freedom (M-DOF) tuned mass damper (TMD) system is designed to simultaneously suppress its roll and pitch motion responses. A multi-objective optimization problem is formulated to unify the frequency tuning accuracy, damping ratio constraints, and mass ratio limits through penalty functions. Then an improved Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm with time-varying acceleration coefficients (TVAC-PSO) is employed to determine the optimal TMD parameters, which dynamically adjusts exploration and exploitation capabilities to overcome the limitations of standard PSO in handling the strongly coupled parameter space. A high-fidelity aero-hydro-servo-elastic simulation model is established using OpenFAST to verify the vibration suppression performance under various sea state conditions. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed M-DOF TMD system can effectively reduce the roll and pitch motion responses and significantly suppress the resonant peak energy, substantially improving the dynamic performance of FOWT. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Optimization of Marine Renewable Energy Systems)
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27 pages, 9500 KB  
Article
Control of Direct-Drive Wave Energy Conversion Considering Displacement Constraints and an Improved Sensorless Strategy
by Lei Huang, Jianan Hou, Haoran Wang and Zihao Mou
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2026, 14(6), 552; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14060552 - 15 Mar 2026
Viewed by 680
Abstract
An integrated control strategy is proposed for direct-drive wave energy conversion (DDWEC) systems to address displacement safety constraints and improve the robustness of sensorless position estimation. Under strong wave excitation, buoy displacement may exceed its stroke limit due to conventional amplitude control, leading [...] Read more.
An integrated control strategy is proposed for direct-drive wave energy conversion (DDWEC) systems to address displacement safety constraints and improve the robustness of sensorless position estimation. Under strong wave excitation, buoy displacement may exceed its stroke limit due to conventional amplitude control, leading to mechanical risks. To mitigate this, a displacement-constrained damping regulation law is introduced, incorporating a displacement-dependent correction factor that retains optimal damping within a safe region and increases additional damping smoothly as the displacement approaches its limit. For sensorless operation, a dual-time-scale adaptive amplitude modulation strategy is developed, based on high-frequency square-wave voltage injection. By decoupling the fast position-estimation loop from the slow injection-amplitude adjustment, the demodulated high-frequency current remains within an optimal band, ensuring a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) under disturbances and parameter variations. Simulation results show that displacement boundary violations are eliminated, with a 25.7% reduction in peak displacement and only a 7.65% reduction in average captured power. The injection amplitude is adaptively regulated to maintain the demodulated current within the measurement band, enhancing position-estimation stability and accuracy. A fail-safe boundary for extreme sea states (Hs ≈ 2.2 m) is also identified, ensuring robust operation under varying conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Optimization of Marine Renewable Energy Systems)
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18 pages, 4489 KB  
Article
Attitude Control Method and Model Test for the Wave-Absorbing Buoy of the Sharp Eagle Wave Energy Converter Under All-Sea-State Operations
by Kunlin Wang, Peifan Chen, Yin Ye, Wensheng Wang, Yaqun Zhang and Songwei Sheng
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(11), 2184; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13112184 - 18 Nov 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 851
Abstract
As a critical component of marine renewable energy, wave energy has long remained a focal point in research on development and use. The Sharp Eagle wave energy converter (hereafter, Sharp Eagle WEC) exhibits wave energy capture efficiency-related advantages, which are attributed to the [...] Read more.
As a critical component of marine renewable energy, wave energy has long remained a focal point in research on development and use. The Sharp Eagle wave energy converter (hereafter, Sharp Eagle WEC) exhibits wave energy capture efficiency-related advantages, which are attributed to the unique structural configuration of its Sharp Eagle wave-absorbing buoy (hereafter, buoy). Operational observations reveal that under severe sea conditions, buoy motion amplitude increases significantly. Consequently, the downstream hydraulic and power generation systems experience excessive power loads, and the converter exceeds displacement limits, causing collisions with end-stop structures, which compromises operational safety. Research findings indicate that the attitude of the buoy directly governs its motion characteristics. We proposed a ballast-and-load-based attitude control method for the buoy. This approach provides safe and efficient operation across all sea conditions. Via scaled model tests, converter operational data covering various ballast configurations were compared and analyzed, focusing on the effects of ballast on the capture width ratio (hereafter, CWR) and piston displacement range of energy conversion hydraulic cylinders. Herein, the feasibility of adjusting capture efficiency and motion displacement by controlling the buoy attitude is validated, providing a technical framework for efficient and safe operation of the WEC under all sea conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Optimization of Marine Renewable Energy Systems)
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