Digital Documentation for Heritage and Archaeology: Standards, Innovations, and Challenges

A special issue of Heritage (ISSN 2571-9408). This special issue belongs to the section "Digital Heritage".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 July 2026 | Viewed by 714

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Historical Studies, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
Interests: 3D documetation; 3D scanning; 3D modeling; archaeology; BIM; HBIM; LiDAR; open-source; photogrammetry

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Guest Editor

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Historical Studies, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
Interests: 3D archaeology; archaeology of production; archaeological documentation; classical archaeology; digital humanities in archaeology; ancient pottery; ancient greek and roman world

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The digital transformation of heritage and archaeological documentation has ushered in a new era of documentation, analysis, and accessibility. Advanced 3D data acquisition methodologies, coupled with post-processing techniques, allow for deeper investigation and enhanced understanding of cultural heritage assets.

This Special Issue explores the multifaceted innovations reshaping the field, with a particular focus on both consolidated and emerging technologies related to 3D survey (LiDAR, SLAM, photogrammetry), data analysis and management (3D modelling, computational imaging, digital photographic techniques such as RTI, as well as post-processing techniques), and their application in cultural heritage, and especially within the archaeological contexts. Increasingly reliable sensors and metrics now enable the creation of high-fidelity digital replicas—Digital Twins/Digital Shadows—and immersive reconstructions that preserve not only tangible but also intangible cultural heritage. Crucially, digital twinning also requires the integration of semantic and historical information to ensure meaningful and context-rich documentation.

Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR) and Extended Reality (XR) are further transforming the ways in which scholars and the public engage with historical environments, offering dynamic, multisensory experiences that transcend traditional interpretative modes. Informative systems such as Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) enhance both analytical and spatial understanding of heritage sites, fostering interdisciplinary collaboration and supporting conservation strategies.

Nevertheless, digital documentation still faces significant challenges, including issues of interoperability, standardisation, ethics, and the long-term sustainability of digital archives. This Special Issue addresses these concerns by encouraging dialogue around best practices, metadata frameworks, publication standards, and open-access repositories.

We invite innovative contributions and case studies from diverse cultural contexts, highlighting how digital documentation can advance the recording and preservation of historical and archaeological heritage, support conservation and restoration efforts, and broaden accessibility to cultural knowledge.

Dr. Filippo Diara
Dr. Lorenzo Teppati Losè
Dr. Marco Serino
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • 3D modelling
  • 3D scanning
  • augmented reality
  • computational imaging
  • digital heritage
  • digital humanities
  • informative systems (HBIM-GIS)
  • LiDAR
  • photogrammetry
  • virtual reality

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

19 pages, 3935 KB  
Article
From Stone to Standards: A Digital Heritage Interoperability Model for Armenian Epigraphy Within the Leiden and EpiDoc Frameworks
by Hamest Tamrazyan, Gayane Hovhannisyan and Arsen Harutyunyan
Heritage 2026, 9(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9010027 - 13 Jan 2026
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Abstract
This study investigates Armenian editorial conventions for inscriptions and evaluates their compatibility and the possibility of their further integration with international standards of epigraphic editing for open access and equal use. It focuses on the Divan Hay Vimagrut’yan (Corpus of Armenian Epigraphy), launched [...] Read more.
This study investigates Armenian editorial conventions for inscriptions and evaluates their compatibility and the possibility of their further integration with international standards of epigraphic editing for open access and equal use. It focuses on the Divan Hay Vimagrut’yan (Corpus of Armenian Epigraphy), launched in the 1960s, which introduced a systematic apparatus for distinguishing diplomatic transcriptions from interpretative reconstructions. Later Armenian publications often simplified these conventions, replacing specialized signs with typographic substitutes. While these changes improved accessibility, they also reduced palaeographic precision and created inconsistencies across editions. Through comparative analysis with the Leiden Conventions and the EpiDoc TEI framework, the research identifies both areas of alignment and points of divergence. Armenian conventions handle missing letters, restorations, redundancies, and abbreviations in distinctive ways, sometimes reassigning the meaning of symbols across different publications. This variation, if not explicitly documented, complicates digital encoding and risks loss of information. Methodologically, this study develops a digital heritage interoperability model that translates local Armenian editorial practices into machine-actionable standards, enabling their integration into international infrastructures such as EpiDoc and FAIR-based cultural heritage systems. The principal contribution of this work is the proposal of a dual-track encoding strategy. One track applies a granular mapping of Armenian signs to the full set of Leiden and EpiDoc categories, ensuring maximum interoperability. The other track preserves a simplified schema faithful to Armenian usage, reflecting local scholarly traditions. Together, these approaches provide both international comparability and cultural specificity. The conclusion is that Armenian inscriptions can be effectively integrated into global digital infrastructures by means of transparent documentation, crosswalk tables, and encoding policies that follow FAIR principles. This ensures long-term preservation, machine-actionability, and the broader reuse of Armenian epigraphic data in comparative cultural heritage research. Full article
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