Advances in Non-invasive Multi-analytical Approaches for the Study of Painted Artworks

A special issue of Heritage (ISSN 2571-9408).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2025) | Viewed by 6069

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
National Research Council–National Institute of Optics, CNR-INO, Largo E. Fermi, 650125 Florence, Italy
Interests: design; development; and application of instruments for the non-invasive diagnostics of works of art; multispectral imaging (UV-VIS-NIR; THz); OCT (optical coherence tomography); 3D survey; NLOM (nonlinear optical microscopies)

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Guest Editor
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche–Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, CNR–INO, Largo E. Fermi, 650125 Florence, Italy
Interests: non-invasive diagnostics of works of art; multispectral analysis; VIS-NIR spectroscopy; 3D survey; optical coherence tomography; NLO microscopies; photo-acoustics
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Research in the field of cultural heritage diagnostics has long focused on developing techniques that preserve the material integrity of works of art. These techniques should not involve the removal of material fragments (microsampling) or the deterioration of the object being measured (e.g., through the use of high-intensity radiation), and are therefore defined as non-invasive. Numerous studies have shown that a multi-analytical approach, based on the combined application of non-invasive techniques, is particularly useful in providing comprehensive information about compositional materials from chemical and physical/structural perspectives. By integrating data obtained from complementary techniques, it is possible to generate a 360-degree characterization of the work, from its inside (at the atomic, molecular, and nanometer scale) to its outside (at the micro- and macro-metric scale).

The identification of execution techniques and degradation phenomena is crucial for artwork conservation and documentation. Non-invasive multi-analytical approaches can provide valuable information to guide conservation and preventive interventions, as well as to define and monitor restoration operations and characterize damage phenomena.

The goal of this Special Issue is to collect papers (original research articles and review papers) to give insights about the most recent non-invasive diagnostic applications on works of art, with a special focus on paintings.

This Special Issue will welcome manuscripts that link the following themes:

  • Integration of point-wise elemental and molecular spectroscopic data with multi- and hyper-spectral imaging data for the identification and mapping of chemical components.
  • Stratigraphic analysis using non-invasive cross-sectional methods.
  • Surveying and monitoring of surface morphological changes and virtual reconstruction of missing parts using 3D models.

We look forward to receiving your original research articles and reviews.

Dr. Raffaella Fontana
Dr. Alice Dal Fovo
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Heritage is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • non-invasive multi-analytical approaches
  • preventive interventions
  • atomic, molecular, and nanometer scale
  • micro- and macro-metric scale
  • cultural heritage
  • artwork conservation
  • materials of works of art

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

25 pages, 5269 KB  
Article
Micro-Multiband Imaging (µMBI) in the Technical Study and Condition Assessment of Paintings: An Insight into Its Potential and Limitations
by Miguel. A. Herrero-Cortell, Irene Samaniego-Jiménez, Candela Belenguer-Salvador, Marta Raïch-Creus, Laura Osete-Cortina, Arianna Abbafati, Anna Vila, Marcello Picollo and Laura Fuster-López
Heritage 2026, 9(2), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9020054 - 31 Jan 2026
Viewed by 656
Abstract
Multiband imaging (MBI) is a non-invasive, portable digital technique that has become increasingly widespread in the technical study and condition assessment of paintings, owing to its affordability and ease of use. This paper presents an experimental study aimed at optimising MBI at the [...] Read more.
Multiband imaging (MBI) is a non-invasive, portable digital technique that has become increasingly widespread in the technical study and condition assessment of paintings, owing to its affordability and ease of use. This paper presents an experimental study aimed at optimising MBI at the microscopic scale—referred to as micro-multiband imaging (µMBI)—with the particular aim of expanding its diagnostic capabilities. A range of µMBI techniques was used on custom-made mock-ups made up of pigments selected for their spectral responses, and representative of traditional artistic materials. The techniques used included microphotography of polarised and unpolarised visible light (µVIS), raking light microphotography (µRL), transmitted light microphotography (µTL), ultraviolet-induced visible luminescence microphotography (µUVL), near-infrared microphotography (µIR), near-infrared micro-trans-irradiation (µIRT), and near-infrared false-colour microphotography (µIRFC). The results obtained through µMBI were compared with those from standard MBI methods, allowing for a critical discussion of the strengths and limitations of this emerging approach. Results evidence that µMBI provides high-resolution, spatially specific insights into materials and painting techniques, offering a more detailed understanding at the microscale of how a painting was executed. It also enables the assessment of deterioration processes (e.g., cracking, delamination, and metal soap formation), contributing to a deeper comprehension of the origin and progression of failure phenomena and supporting the development of more informed, preventive conservation strategies. Full article
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22 pages, 9028 KB  
Article
Documenting a Graffiti Tag by Muelle, a Pioneer of Graffiti Art in Spain
by Teresa Rivas, Alberto Santos-Hermo, Laura Andrés-Herguedas and Jose Santiago Pozo-Antonio
Heritage 2026, 9(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage9010023 - 9 Jan 2026
Viewed by 1132
Abstract
This paper presents the results of the historical and artistic documentation and the conservation assessment of a tag by Muelle, a pioneering Spanish graffiti artist, in the city of Vigo (Galicia, Spain). Attribution of the tag is primarily based on evidence of the [...] Read more.
This paper presents the results of the historical and artistic documentation and the conservation assessment of a tag by Muelle, a pioneering Spanish graffiti artist, in the city of Vigo (Galicia, Spain). Attribution of the tag is primarily based on evidence of the artist’s presence in the city in the late 1980s, such as by different graffiti elements in the form of tags. To increase the understanding of the technique and materials used, the tag and its substrate were documented and examined by digital photography and hyperspectral imaging. Microsamples of the tag and substrate were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy to characterize the materials and assess the tag’s state of conservation. This work enabled us to document the tag within the context of its creation and to establish hypotheses regarding the intention behind it. We confirmed that the tag has been weathered by degradation processes that typically affect contemporary urban art, with scaling caused by deterioration of the substrate being the most important type of alteration. The results of this multidisciplinary study will be key to identifying the most appropriate intervention measures to ensure the tag’s conservation and the transmission of its legacy. Full article
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25 pages, 5412 KB  
Article
Non-Invasive Use of Imaging and Portable Spectrometers for On-Site Pigment Identification in Contemporary Watercolors from the Arxiu Valencià del Disseny
by Álvaro Solbes-García, Mirco Ramacciotti, Ester Alba Pagán, Gianni Gallello, María Luisa Vázquez de Ágredos Pascual and Ángel Morales Rubio
Heritage 2025, 8(8), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8080304 - 30 Jul 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2032
Abstract
Imaging techniques have revolutionized cultural heritage analysis, particularly for objects that cannot be sampled. This study investigated the utilization of spectral imaging for the identification of pigments in artifacts from the Arxiu Valencià del Disseny, in conjunction with other portable spectroscopy techniques [...] Read more.
Imaging techniques have revolutionized cultural heritage analysis, particularly for objects that cannot be sampled. This study investigated the utilization of spectral imaging for the identification of pigments in artifacts from the Arxiu Valencià del Disseny, in conjunction with other portable spectroscopy techniques such as XRF, Raman, FT-NIR, and FT-MIR. Four early 1930s watercolors were examined using point-wise elemental and molecular spectroscopic data for pigment classification. Initially, the data cubes obtained with the spectral camera were processed using various methods. The spectral behavior was analyzed pixel-point, and the reflectance curves were qualitatively compared with a set of standards. Subsequently, a computational approach was applied to the data cube to produce RGB, false-color infrared (IRFC), and principal component (PC) images. Algorithms, such as the Vector Angle (VA) mapper, were also employed to map the pigment spectra. Consequently, 19th-century pigments such as Prussian blue, chrome yellow, and alizarin red were distinguished according to their composition, combining the spatial and spectral dimensions of the data. Elemental analysis and infrared spectroscopy supported these findings. In this context, the use of reflectance imaging spectroscopy (RIS), despite its technical limitations, emerged as an essential tool for the documentation and conservation of design heritage. Full article
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16 pages, 17365 KB  
Article
Multimodal Imaging for Wooden Panel Painting Analysis: Consegna della regola Francescana by Colantonio, a Case Study
by Chiara Saltarelli, Antimo Di Meo, Massimo Rippa, Vito Pagliarulo, Teresa Cacace and Melania Paturzo
Heritage 2025, 8(4), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8040118 - 26 Mar 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1326
Abstract
The development of advanced diagnostics tools for investigating artworks and monitoring their health state in a non-destructive way is a key point for their preservation and restoration. Non-invasive diagnostic approaches enable the identification of damage often hidden to restorers’ naked eyes, thereby facilitating [...] Read more.
The development of advanced diagnostics tools for investigating artworks and monitoring their health state in a non-destructive way is a key point for their preservation and restoration. Non-invasive diagnostic approaches enable the identification of damage often hidden to restorers’ naked eyes, thereby facilitating the planning of appropriate restoration interventions. Here, the combined use of three full-field imaging techniques: shearography, thermography, and structured-light 3D scanning, has been employed as complementary tools for the diagnostics of a panel painting. As a case study, the artwork Consegna della regola Francescana, created by the Neapolitan painter Colantonio around 1445, was analyzed. The integrated application of the mentioned optical imaging techniques allows a comprehensive evaluation of the state of conservation of the work, revealing inserts, nails, and detachments. This synergistic approach also enhanced the interpretation of the results from each individual technique, offering a more complete understanding that would be unattainable with any single method alone. Full article
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