Spirituality, Stress, and Well-Being of Healthcare Professionals

A special issue of Healthcare (ISSN 2227-9032). This special issue belongs to the section "Mental Health and Psychosocial Well-being".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2026) | Viewed by 2825

Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Management, School of Business, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
Interests: leadership; workplace spirituality; emotions in the workplace; socialization; nursing management; positive psychology; social psychology

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Management, School of Business, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
Interests: sense of calling; job crafting; leadership; conflict management

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The shortage of registered nurses constitutes a global challenge that has led to adverse medical conditions in many nations. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates the current global nursing workforce to be 29 million, with a projected shortage of 4.5 million nurses and 0.31 million midwives by the year 2030 (WHO, 2024). This anticipated shortage poses a significant obstacle for healthcare systems, as nurses are essential for delivering healthcare and promoting health equity. Furthermore, healthcare professionals consistently face challenging occupational conditions, including prolonged work schedules; duties during nighttime, weekends, and public holidays; indirect trauma; elevated occupational stress; insufficient time for rest; exposure to infections; and interactions with difficult patients. These job characteristics adversely affect the well-being of healthcare professionals, including their mental health and sleep patterns.

Given this context, researchers suggest that spirituality in the workplace can help mitigate the negative effects of the nursing profession. Indeed, a growing body of research suggests that spirituality may be particularly significant within the nursing profession. Many healthcare professionals seek meaning, purpose, and community in their work environment to satisfy their psychological needs, thereby fostering a stronger internal motivation to pursue personal spiritual fulfillment. This connection is partly due to the historical link between nursing and spirituality, as evidenced by ethical standards and social values. Nurses with a greater inclination toward spirituality are likely to find their profession more aligned with their psychological needs. Consequently, it is reasonable to propose that spirituality in the workplace will foster a strong sense of professional calling and job fulfillment among healthcare professionals.

The aim of this Special Issue is to extend the existing research on workplace spirituality within the healthcare context. Additionally, we seek to highlight the best practices that can assist healthcare organizational leaders and professionals in adopting the most effective coping strategies to mitigate workplace stressors and enhance the well-being of healthcare professionals.

In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following within the healthcare work context:

  • Spiritual leadership;
  • Workplace spirituality;
  • Second victim syndrome of healthcare professionals;
  • Coping strategies;
  • Job stress;
  • Workplace mistreatment and violence;
  • Well-being of healthcare professionals.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Wenchi Zou
Dr. Po-Chien Chang
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • spiritual leadership
  • workplace spirituality
  • second victim syndrome
  • resilience
  • coping
  • calling
  • well-being
  • mental health
  • burnout
  • mistreatment and violence

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 547 KB  
Article
Dynamics of Occupational Well-Being and Turnover Intention in Long-Term Care: A 12-Month Longitudinal Study of Nursing Assistants
by Diana Carbone, Miriam Tonetto and Francesco Marcatto
Healthcare 2026, 14(15), 2316; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14152316 - 31 Jul 2026
Viewed by 303
Abstract
Background/Objectives: High turnover intention represents a critical challenge in the long-term care sector, affecting both workforce stability and quality of care. Identifying the psychosocial factors associated with turnover intention and understanding how they operate over time are essential for developing effective retention [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: High turnover intention represents a critical challenge in the long-term care sector, affecting both workforce stability and quality of care. Identifying the psychosocial factors associated with turnover intention and understanding how they operate over time are essential for developing effective retention strategies. This study examined both between-person and within-person associations between psychosocial variables and turnover intention among nursing assistants, focusing on perceived occupational stress, emotional exhaustion, job satisfaction, and social resources. Methods: A three-wave longitudinal study was conducted among 52 nursing assistants from a single Italian long-term care facility over a 12-month period. Linear mixed-effects models were used to distinguish within-person (time-varying) and between-person (stable) associations between psychosocial factors and turnover intention. Results: At the within-person level, increases in perceived occupational stress, emotional exhaustion, and job satisfaction were associated with changes in turnover intention across measurement occasions. At the between-person level, higher average emotional exhaustion and lower average job satisfaction were associated with higher turnover intention, while social support showed a smaller negative association. Conclusions: These findings suggest that turnover intention is associated with both stable between-person differences and changes in psychosocial work experiences over time. More broadly, the study highlights the value of adopting a longitudinal multilevel perspective to simultaneously examine strain indicators, job attitudes, and social resources in understanding turnover intention among nursing assistants working in long-term care. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spirituality, Stress, and Well-Being of Healthcare Professionals)
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23 pages, 1137 KB  
Article
Secondary Traumatic Stress and Positive Adaptation Among Social Workers: The Roles of Burnout, Compassion Satisfaction, and Perceived Social Support in a Cross-Sectional Study
by Fang Fu, Yumeng Zhu, Mandy Lau and Soon Noi Goh
Healthcare 2026, 14(14), 2060; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14142060 - 9 Jul 2026
Viewed by 391
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to examine the associations of secondary traumatic stress with social workers’ positive psychological outcomes (resilience and post-traumatic growth) and to test the moderating roles of burnout, compassion satisfaction, and perceived social support. Methods: This study adopted a [...] Read more.
Objectives: This study aimed to examine the associations of secondary traumatic stress with social workers’ positive psychological outcomes (resilience and post-traumatic growth) and to test the moderating roles of burnout, compassion satisfaction, and perceived social support. Methods: This study adopted a cross-sectional survey design and recruited practicing social workers from health and social care institutions in Singapore and China. A total of 673 valid questionnaires were obtained, including 354 from Singapore and 319 from China. Hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to test the direct and moderating associations among the core variables. Results: Secondary traumatic stress was positively associated with post-traumatic growth (β = 0.25, p < 0.01) with no significant association with resilience. Burnout negatively moderated the secondary traumatic stress–post-traumatic growth link (β = −0.13, p < 0.01) but not the secondary traumatic stress–resilience relationship. Compassion satisfaction negatively moderated the associations of secondary traumatic stress with both resilience and post-traumatic growth (β = −0.14, −0.15, p < 0.01). Perceived social support showed no significant moderating roles but was positively associated with both adaptation indicators (β = 0.19, 0.14, p < 0.01). Conclusions: This study challenges the conventional “risk-protection” dichotomy by revealing a nuanced stress–adaptation mechanism. Secondary traumatic stress co-occurs with post-traumatic growth (PTG) rather than baseline resilience, while compassion satisfaction exhibits a paradoxical “buffering-ceiling” interaction that attenuates the positive associations between traumatic stress and growth. Practically, organizations must move beyond generic wellness programs to implement dual-track strategies: mitigating burnout to foster social workers’ growth potential while leveraging compassion satisfaction as an early-stage shield rather than a late-stage resilience enhancer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spirituality, Stress, and Well-Being of Healthcare Professionals)
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20 pages, 1445 KB  
Article
The Impact of Spiritual Leadership on Nurses’ Spiritual Care Behavior: A Cross-Sectional Study of Chinese Nurses
by Yuqian Sun, Siyu Chen, Zhongliang Li, Qiqi Peng, Xuan Li, Yijia Zhao, Tingxi Zhou, Wenchi Zou and Xu Hong
Healthcare 2026, 14(12), 1634; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14121634 - 9 Jun 2026
Viewed by 421
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Spiritual care is core to holistic patient care, yet a persistent implementation gap exists in Chinese hospitals. This study examines the association between spiritual leadership and nurses’ spiritual care behavior, with career calling as mediator and empathy as moderator. Methods: [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Spiritual care is core to holistic patient care, yet a persistent implementation gap exists in Chinese hospitals. This study examines the association between spiritual leadership and nurses’ spiritual care behavior, with career calling as mediator and empathy as moderator. Methods: A cross-sectional design was adopted. Data were collected from 323 frontline nurses in 10 public hospitals across five provinces in China from June to September 2025 using validated Likert scales. Analyses included confirmatory factor analysis, hierarchical regression, and a second-stage moderated mediation model with 5000 bootstrap resamples using SPSS 26.0 and Mplus 8.3. Results: Spiritual leadership was positively associated with both nurses’ spiritual care behavior and career calling. Career calling partially mediated the relationship between spiritual leadership and nurses’ spiritual care behavior. Furthermore, empathy significantly strengthened the positive association between career calling and spiritual care behavior, and amplified the indirect effect of spiritual leadership on nurses’ spiritual care behavior via career calling. Conclusions: Spiritual leadership, career calling, and empathy are key factors associated with nurses’ spiritual care delivery. Targeted interventions for these factors can bridge the spiritual care implementation gap and enhance holistic patient care. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spirituality, Stress, and Well-Being of Healthcare Professionals)
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12 pages, 261 KB  
Article
Coping Strategies, Self-Efficacy and Their Relationship with Anxiety and Depression in Early Childhood Care Professionals
by María Guillot-Valdés, Sofía Gómez-Herrera, María Auxiliadora Robles-Bello, Nieves Valencia-Naranjo, María Eva Martín-Puga and David Sánchez-Teruel
Healthcare 2026, 14(5), 609; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14050609 - 27 Feb 2026
Viewed by 876
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The mental health of Early Childhood Care professionals is of great importance to ensuring the quality of intervention and the well-being of families. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between coping strategies, perceived self-efficacy and levels of [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The mental health of Early Childhood Care professionals is of great importance to ensuring the quality of intervention and the well-being of families. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between coping strategies, perceived self-efficacy and levels of depression, anxiety and stress in Early Childhood Care professionals. Methods: A study was conducted with a sample of 125 professionals (87% women; M = 33.40, SD = 9.70). Participants completed the Coping Strategies Inventory, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, and the DASS-21. The sample was predominantly female, which should be considered when interpreting the findings. Results: Cognitive restructuring, positive restructuring, and social support were negatively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress, while social withdrawal was positively related to all these variables. Self-efficacy showed high negative correlations with psychological distress and was a strong protective predictor. Emotional expression showed a positive association with depression. Conclusions: Self-efficacy and adaptive coping strategies act as protective factors against psychological distress, while social withdrawal is a significant risk. These findings highlight the need to implement training and prevention programs primarily aimed at enhancing perceived self-efficacy, with adaptive coping strategies acting as behavioral mechanisms through which this protective factor is strengthened and maladaptive responses are reduced. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spirituality, Stress, and Well-Being of Healthcare Professionals)
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