Towards Smart Gel Material for Flexible and Wearable Electronics

A special issue of Gels (ISSN 2310-2861). This special issue belongs to the section "Gel Analysis and Characterization".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 August 2025 | Viewed by 301

Special Issue Editors


E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Center for Mechanics Plus Under Extreme Environments, School of Mechanical Engineering & Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
Interests: soft matter; flexible electronics; smart skin; transfer printing

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Huanjiang Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
Interests: soft electronics for electrophysiological recording and neuromodulation

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
Interests: multifunctional tactile sensors; flexible multidimensional force sensor

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Smart gels are a type of hydrogel that can respond to external stimuli, such as temperature, pH, or light. These gels can change their shape, size, or mechanical properties in response to these stimuli, making them highly versatile materials for use in electronic devices. With the growing demand for flexible and stretchable electronics, smart gel materials have emerged as promising candidates due to their distinctive properties, including flexibility, their capacity for self-healing, and their electrical conductivity.

One of the key advantages of using smart gels in flexible and wearable electronics is their ability to conform to irregular shapes. Traditional electronic materials are rigid and inflexible, making them challenging to use in devices that need to be flexible and conformable. Smart gels, on the other hand, can easily adapt to curved surfaces and stretch without losing their functionality, making them ideal for utilization in wearable devices that need to be in close contact with the skin.

Overall, this Special Issue, entitled "Towards Smart Gel Material for Flexible and Wearable Electronics", aims to provide comprehensive insights into the potential applications of smart gel materials in the development of such devices.

Dr. Chuanqian Shi
Dr. Chengjun Wang
Dr. Ye Qiu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Gels is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2100 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • smart hydrogel
  • flexible electronics
  • wearable electronics
  • gel-based devices
  • gel synthesis and application

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

  • Ease of navigation: Grouping papers by topic helps scholars navigate broad scope journals more efficiently.
  • Greater discoverability: Special Issues support the reach and impact of scientific research. Articles in Special Issues are more discoverable and cited more frequently.
  • Expansion of research network: Special Issues facilitate connections among authors, fostering scientific collaborations.
  • External promotion: Articles in Special Issues are often promoted through the journal's social media, increasing their visibility.
  • e-Book format: Special Issues with more than 10 articles can be published as dedicated e-books, ensuring wide and rapid dissemination.

Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (1 paper)

Order results
Result details
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:

Research

18 pages, 4725 KiB  
Article
Tissue-Adhesive and Biocompatible Zein-Polyaniline-Based Hydrogels for Mechanoresponsive Energy-Harvesting Applications
by Maduru Suneetha, Seainn Bang, Sarah A. Alshehri and Sung Soo Han
Gels 2025, 11(5), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11050307 - 22 Apr 2025
Viewed by 205
Abstract
Flexible, biocompatible, and adhesive materials are vital for wearable strain sensors in bioelectronics. This study presents zein-polyaniline (ZPANI) hydrogels with mechanoresponsive energy-harvesting properties. SEM revealed a sheet-like fibrous morphology, enhancing adhesion. Incorporating 0.5 wt% polyaniline (PANI) introduced nanostructured aggregates, while higher PANI concentrations [...] Read more.
Flexible, biocompatible, and adhesive materials are vital for wearable strain sensors in bioelectronics. This study presents zein-polyaniline (ZPANI) hydrogels with mechanoresponsive energy-harvesting properties. SEM revealed a sheet-like fibrous morphology, enhancing adhesion. Incorporating 0.5 wt% polyaniline (PANI) introduced nanostructured aggregates, while higher PANI concentrations (3–5 wt%) formed intertwined fibrous networks, improving the mechanical integrity, surface area, and conductivity. PANI enhanced electrical conductivity, and the hydrogels displayed excellent swelling behavior, ensuring flexibility and strong tissue adhesion. Biocompatibility was validated through fibroblast cell culture assays, and the adhesive properties were tested on substrates, such as porcine skin, steel, and aluminum, demonstrating versatile adhesion. The adhesion strength of hydrogels to porcine skin was greatly enhanced with an increasing amount of PANI. The maximum adhesion strength was found to be 30.1 ± 2.1 kPa for ZPANI-5.0. Mechanical testing showed a trade-off between strength and conductivity. The tensile strength decreased from 13.4 kPa (ZPANI-0) to 7.1 kPa (ZPANI-5.0), and the compressive strength declined from 18.5 kPa to 1.6 kPa, indicating increased brittleness. A rheological analysis revealed enhanced strain tolerance (>500% strain) with an increasing PANI content. The storage modulus (G′) remained stable up to 100% strain in PANI-free hydrogels but collapsed beyond 450% strain, while PANI-containing hydrogels exhibited improved viscoelasticity. Mechanical testing showed robust voltage output signals under compression within a 20 s response time. Despite the reduced mechanical strength, energy-harvesting tests showed a surface power density of 0.12 nW cm−2, charge storage of 0.71 nJ, and a surface energy density of 1.4 pWh cm−2. The synergy of the piezoelectric response, bioadhesion, and tunable viscoelasticity establishes ZPANI hydrogels as promising candidates for wearable sensors and energy-harvesting applications. Optimizing the PANI content is crucial for balancing mechanical stability, adhesion, and electrical performance, ensuring long-term bioelectronic functionality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Smart Gel Material for Flexible and Wearable Electronics)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Back to TopTop