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Advances in Hydrogen Production in Renewable Energy Systems
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Advances in Hydrogen Production in Renewable Energy Systems

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A5: Hydrogen Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 January 2026) | Viewed by 8672

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Arkadiusz Małek

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Transportation and Informatics, WSEI University, 20-209 Lublin, Poland
Interests: hydrogen production; electric vehicle components; electric vehicle battery; model predictive control

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the third decade of the 21st century, large amounts of energy are needed to meet the needs of individual residents and large technology companies. Electricity and heat are essential in our homes, vehicles and various industrial processes. Replacing existing fossil energy sources with hydrogen will be the basis for the climate and energy transition of technology and transport companies, as well as the entire local and international community. According to experts, the time has come for hydrogen technologies to be effectively implemented in the various areas mentioned above. In this Special Issue, we encourage you to critically review the technologies currently on the market for the production of hydrogen in renewable energy systems.

Review articles will facilitate the significant decision-making required in the selection of the best technologies for specific applications and will also be the basis for their integration into effective energy and production systems. Another important focus will be the description of current market implementations of individual technologies for the production of low-emission hydrogen from renewable energy sources and their combinations. The analyses and research presented in these articles will enable a comparison of theoretical assumptions related to their functioning with industrial practice. They will enable the optimization of hydrogen production processes using the latest methods and traditional and AI-based algorithms. Furthermore, this Special Issue will focus on innovative technologies for hydrogen production in renewable energy systems. This includes solutions known but not yet used in industrial practice due to high costs, but also those resulting from scientists' discoveries in recent months. The editors encourage you to submit articles and also participate in the article review process.

The topics of interest for publication include, but are not limited to, the following:

  1. Energy production from renewable energy sources and their combinations together with the use of energy storage systems.
  2. Integration and optimization of RES with hydrogen production systems.
  3. Traditional and innovative technologies for hydrogen production together with its preparation and storage.
  4. Modeling the dynamics of energy and hydrogen production.
  5. Methods for the effective processing of measurement data using traditional and AI-based algorithms.
  6. Case studies of practical implementations of hydrogen technologies, along with their scientific description and efficiency assessment.
  7. Modeling and simulation of individual low-emission hydrogen production processes.
  8. Integration and optimization of complex processes.
  9. Development of hydrogen valleys and local communities friendly to hydrogen technologies.
  10. Ecology and economics in the hydrogen economy.

We encourage not only scientists working at universities, research and development institutes, science and technology parks, but also those in research and development centers of technology companies to publish in the Special Issue. Effective cooperation between science and business is highly desirable for the rapid and safe implementation of low-emission technologies in various areas of life and industry.

Dr. Arkadiusz Małek
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • energy storage systems
  • hydrogen production
  • renewable energy
  • hydrogen economy

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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22 pages, 3747 KB  
Article
Integrated Triple-Diode Modeling and Hydrogen Turbine Power for Green Hydrogen Production
by Abdullah Alrasheedi, Mousa Marzband and Abdullah Abusorrah
Energies 2026, 19(2), 435; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19020435 - 15 Jan 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 762
Abstract
The study establishes a comprehensive mathematical modeling framework for solar-driven hydrogen production by integrating a triple-diode photovoltaic (PV) model, an alkaline electrolyzer, and a hydrogen turbine (H2T), subsequently using hybrid power utilization to optimize hydrogen output. The Triple-Diode Model (TDM) accurately [...] Read more.
The study establishes a comprehensive mathematical modeling framework for solar-driven hydrogen production by integrating a triple-diode photovoltaic (PV) model, an alkaline electrolyzer, and a hydrogen turbine (H2T), subsequently using hybrid power utilization to optimize hydrogen output. The Triple-Diode Model (TDM) accurately reproduces the electrical performance of a 144-cell photovoltaic module under standard test conditions (STC), enabling precise calculations of hourly maximum power point outputs based on real-world conditions of global horizontal irradiance and ambient temperature. The photovoltaic system produced 1.07 MWh during the summer months (May to September 2025), which was sent straight to the alkaline electrolyzer. The electrolyzer, using Specific Energy Consumption (SEC)-based formulations and Faraday’s law, produced 22.6 kg of green hydrogen and used around 203 L of water. The generated hydrogen was later utilized to power a hydrogen turbine (H2T), producing 414.6 kWh, which was then integrated with photovoltaic power to create a hybrid renewable energy source. This hybrid design increased hydrogen production to 31.4 kg, indicating a substantial improvement in renewable hydrogen output. All photovoltaic, electrolyzer, and turbine models were integrated into a cohesive MATLAB R2024b framework, allowing for an exhaustive depiction of system dynamics. The findings validate that the amalgamation of H2T with photovoltaic-driven electrolysis may significantly improve both renewable energy and hydrogen production. This research aligns with Saudi Vision 2030 and global clean-energy initiatives, including the Paris Agreement, to tackle climate change and its negative impacts. An integrated green hydrogen system, informed by this study’s findings, could significantly improve energy sustainability, strengthen production reliability, and augment hydrogen output, fully aligning with economical, technical, and environmental objectives. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Production in Renewable Energy Systems)
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19 pages, 1953 KB  
Article
Thermodynamic Analysis and Optimization of a Regenerative Heat Exchange System for Solid Oxide Electrolyzer-Based Hydrogen Production
by Georgi Todorov, Konstantin Kamberov and Todor Todorov
Energies 2025, 18(16), 4424; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18164424 - 19 Aug 2025
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1669
Abstract
The article discusses a regenerative heat exchange system for a solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC) used in the production of green hydrogen. The heating system comprises four heat exchangers, one condenser heat exchanger, and a mixer evaporator. A pump and two throttle valves [...] Read more.
The article discusses a regenerative heat exchange system for a solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC) used in the production of green hydrogen. The heating system comprises four heat exchangers, one condenser heat exchanger, and a mixer evaporator. A pump and two throttle valves have been added to separate the hydrogen at an elevated steam condensation temperature. Assuming steady flow, a thermodynamic analysis was performed to validate the design and to predict the main parameters of the heating system. Numerical optimization was then used to determine the optimal temperature distribution, ensuring the lowest possible additional external energy requirement for the regenerative system. The proportions of energy gained through heat exchange were determined, and their distribution analyzed. The calculated thermal efficiency of the regenerative system is 75%, while its exergy efficiency is 73%. These results can be applied to optimize the design of heat exchangers for hydrogen production systems using SOECs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Production in Renewable Energy Systems)
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33 pages, 1166 KB  
Article
Evaluating Freshwater, Desalinated Water, and Treated Brine as Water Feed for Hydrogen Production in Arid Regions
by Hamad Ahmed Al-Ali and Koji Tokimatsu
Energies 2025, 18(15), 4085; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18154085 - 1 Aug 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2230
Abstract
Hydrogen production is increasingly vital for global decarbonization but remains a water- and energy-intensive process, especially in arid regions. Despite growing attention to its climate benefits, limited research has addressed the environmental impacts of water sourcing. This study employs a life cycle assessment [...] Read more.
Hydrogen production is increasingly vital for global decarbonization but remains a water- and energy-intensive process, especially in arid regions. Despite growing attention to its climate benefits, limited research has addressed the environmental impacts of water sourcing. This study employs a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach to evaluate three water supply strategies for hydrogen production: (1) seawater desalination without brine treatment (BT), (2) desalination with partial BT, and (3) freshwater purification. Scenarios are modeled for the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Australia, and Spain, representing diverse electricity mixes and water stress conditions. Both electrolysis and steam methane reforming (SMR) are evaluated as hydrogen production methods. Results show that desalination scenarios contribute substantially to human health and ecosystem impacts due to high energy use and brine discharge. Although partial BT aims to reduce direct marine discharge impacts, its substantial energy demand can offset these benefits by increasing other environmental burdens, such as marine eutrophication, especially in regions reliant on carbon-intensive electricity grids. Freshwater scenarios offer lower environmental impact overall but raise water availability concerns. Across all regions, feedwater for SMR shows nearly 50% lower impacts than for electrolysis. This study focuses solely on the environmental impacts associated with water sourcing and treatment for hydrogen production, excluding the downstream impacts of the hydrogen generation process itself. This study highlights the trade-offs between water sourcing, brine treatment, and freshwater purification for hydrogen production, offering insights for optimizing sustainable hydrogen systems in water-stressed regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Production in Renewable Energy Systems)
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25 pages, 7798 KB  
Article
Operational Analysis of Power Generation from a Photovoltaic–Wind Mix and Low-Emission Hydrogen Production
by Arkadiusz Małek and Andrzej Marciniak
Energies 2025, 18(10), 2431; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18102431 - 9 May 2025
Viewed by 1101
Abstract
Low-emission hydrogen generation systems require large amounts of energy from renewable energy sources. This article characterizes the production of low-emission hydrogen, emphasizing its scale and the necessity for its continuity. For hydrogen production defined in this way, it is possible to select the [...] Read more.
Low-emission hydrogen generation systems require large amounts of energy from renewable energy sources. This article characterizes the production of low-emission hydrogen, emphasizing its scale and the necessity for its continuity. For hydrogen production defined in this way, it is possible to select the appropriate renewable energy sources. The research part of the article presents a case study of the continuous production of large amounts of hydrogen. Daily production capacities correspond to the demand for the production of industrial chemicals and artificial fertilizers or for fueling a fleet of hydrogen buses. The production was placed in the Lublin region in Poland, where there is a large demand for low-emission hydrogen and where there are favorable conditions for the production of energy from a photovoltaic–wind mix. Statistical and probabilistic analyses were performed related to the generation of power by a photovoltaic system with a peak power of 3.45 MWp and a wind turbine with an identical maximum power. The conducted research confirmed the complementarity and substitutability relationship between one source and another within the energy mix. Then, unsupervised clustering was applied using the k-Means algorithm to divide the state space generated in the power mix. The clustering results were used to perform an operational analysis of the low-emission hydrogen generation system from a renewable energy sources mix. In the analyzed month of April, 25% of the energy generated in the photovoltaic–wind mix came from the photovoltaic system. The low-emission hydrogen generation process was in states (clusters), ensuring that the operation of the electrolyzer with nominal power amounted to 57% of the total operating time in that month. In May, the share of photovoltaics in the generated power was 45%. The low-emission hydrogen generation process was in states, ensuring that the operation of the electrolyzer with nominal power amounted to 43% of the total time in that month. In the remaining states of the hydrogen generation process, the power must be drawn from the energy storage system. The cluster analysis also showed the functioning of the operating states of the power generation process from the mix, which ensures the charging of the energy storage. The conducted research and analyses can be employed in planning and implementing effective climate and energy transformations in large companies using low-emission hydrogen. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Production in Renewable Energy Systems)
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Review

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27 pages, 539 KB  
Review
Low-Carbon Hydrogen Production and Use on Farms: European and Global Perspectives
by Andrzej Kuranc, Agnieszka Dudziak and Tomasz Słowik
Energies 2025, 18(19), 5312; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18195312 - 9 Oct 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2136
Abstract
This article examines the growing potential of low-emission hydrogen as an innovative solution supporting the decarbonization of the agricultural sector. It discusses its potential applications on farms, including as an energy source for powering agricultural machinery, producing fertilizers, and storing energy from renewable [...] Read more.
This article examines the growing potential of low-emission hydrogen as an innovative solution supporting the decarbonization of the agricultural sector. It discusses its potential applications on farms, including as an energy source for powering agricultural machinery, producing fertilizers, and storing energy from renewable sources. Within the European context, it considers actions arising from the European Green Deal and the “Fit for 55” strategy, which promote the development of hydrogen infrastructure and support research into low-emission technologies. The article also discusses global initiatives and trends in the development of the hydrogen economy, pointing to international cooperation, investment, and the need for technology standardization. It highlights the challenges related to cost, infrastructure, and scalability, as well as the opportunities hydrogen offers for a sustainable and energy-efficient agriculture of the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Production in Renewable Energy Systems)
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