Fluorescent Probes: Design and Biological Applications

A special issue of Biosensors (ISSN 2079-6374). This special issue belongs to the section "Optical and Photonic Biosensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2026 | Viewed by 6042

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
Interests: fluorescent imaging; biosensor

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Seeing is believing. Techniques to visualize physiological or pathophysiological changes in the cell and body are essential for research into various fundamental biological processes. Fluorescent probes are molecules that absorb light of a specific wavelength and emit light of a different, typically longer, wavelength (a process known as fluorescence), and they are used to study biological samples due to their versatility, sensitivity and quantitative capabilities. In recent years, fluorescent probes based on small-molecule organic fluorophores, quantum dots and microspheres have been designed and applied to a wide range of biological research. The capability of qualitative analysis and quantitative detection has facilitated the development of fluorescent probes as valuable tools for the investigation of physiological and biochemical properties in biological samples. The sensitivity and selectivity of fluorescent probes help in detecting the rapid dynamics of biological reactions and physiological processes in real time. The long wavelength of the fluorescence signal also promotes deep tissue penetration and in vivo imaging. Therefore, the design of fluorescent probes with excellent biocompatibility has become a hot topic in recent years.

For this Special Issue, we welcome original research papers, as well as reviews, on current developments in the design of fluorescent probes and their biological applications, including the design of state-of-the-art biosensors for disease biomarkers, the characterization of biomolecules, biological analysis, and medical diagnostics. Reviews should provide an in-depth examination of the most recent research in a specific context or discuss the existing and future issues related to fluorescent imaging in the field of biosensors.

Dr. Xiaoyue Han
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • fluorescent probe
  • bioimaging
  • biosensor

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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26 pages, 2770 KB  
Article
Cellular Distribution and Motion of Essential Magnetosome Proteins Expressed in Mammalian Cells
by Qin Sun, Cécile Fradin, Moeiz Ahmed, R. Terry Thompson, Frank S. Prato and Donna E. Goldhawk
Biosensors 2025, 15(12), 797; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15120797 - 4 Dec 2025
Viewed by 793
Abstract
Magnetosomes are organelle-like structures within magnetotactic bacteria that store iron biominerals in membrane-bound vesicles. In bacteria, formation of these structures is highly regulated by approximately 30 genes, which are conserved throughout different species. To compartmentalize iron in mammalian cells and provide gene-based contrast [...] Read more.
Magnetosomes are organelle-like structures within magnetotactic bacteria that store iron biominerals in membrane-bound vesicles. In bacteria, formation of these structures is highly regulated by approximately 30 genes, which are conserved throughout different species. To compartmentalize iron in mammalian cells and provide gene-based contrast for magnetic resonance imaging, we introduced key magnetosome proteins. The expression of essential magnetosome genes mamI and mamL as fluorescent fusion proteins in a human melanoma cell line confirmed their co-localization and interaction. Here, we investigate the expression of two more essential magnetosome genes, mamB and mamE, using confocal microscopy to describe fluorescent fusion protein expression patterns and analyze the observed intracellular mobility. Custom software was developed to characterize fluorescent particle trajectories. In mammalian cells, essential magnetosome proteins display different diffusive behaviours. However, all magnetosome proteins travelled at similar velocities when interacting with mammalian mobile elements, suggesting that MamL, MamL + MamI, MamB, and MamE interact with similar molecular motor proteins. These results confirm that localization and interaction of essential magnetosome proteins are feasible within the mammalian intracellular compartment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorescent Probes: Design and Biological Applications)
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Review

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58 pages, 11607 KB  
Review
Advances in Coumarin Fluorescent Probes for Medical Diagnostics: A Review of Recent Developments
by Katarzyna Szwaczko, Aleksandra Kulkowska and Arkadiusz Matwijczuk
Biosensors 2026, 16(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios16010036 - 2 Jan 2026
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2986
Abstract
This review summarizes recent advances (2023–2025) in coumarin-based fluorescent probes, highlighting their structural modularity, tunable VIS–NIR photophysics, and broad applicability in detecting metal ions, biothiols, ROS/RNS, organelle-specific microenvironments, and amyloid-β aggregates. Particular emphasis is placed on multifunctional and organelle-targeted probes, as well as [...] Read more.
This review summarizes recent advances (2023–2025) in coumarin-based fluorescent probes, highlighting their structural modularity, tunable VIS–NIR photophysics, and broad applicability in detecting metal ions, biothiols, ROS/RNS, organelle-specific microenvironments, and amyloid-β aggregates. Particular emphasis is placed on multifunctional and organelle-targeted probes, as well as emerging NIR-emissive and theranostic systems enabling deep-tissue imaging and modulation of pathological processes. The perspectives section outlines current limitations and future directions toward clinically relevant coumarin-based imaging tools. A though the review focuses on literature published from 2023 onward, several earlier studies are cited selectively to clarify fluorescence mechanisms, illustrate reaction pathways, or provide essential photophysical benchmarks necessary for contextual understanding. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorescent Probes: Design and Biological Applications)
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21 pages, 2923 KB  
Review
Structure-Based Understanding of Cu2+ Coordination in Fluorescent Proteins for Metal Biosensor Applications—A Review
by Ki Hyun Nam
Biosensors 2025, 15(10), 675; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15100675 - 7 Oct 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1445
Abstract
Copper ions play essential roles in biological systems, but they can cause toxicity following dysregulation or excessive accumulation. In addition, environmental overexposure to Cu2+ can lead to serious agricultural and ecological issues. Accurate detection of Cu2+ is therefore critical in both [...] Read more.
Copper ions play essential roles in biological systems, but they can cause toxicity following dysregulation or excessive accumulation. In addition, environmental overexposure to Cu2+ can lead to serious agricultural and ecological issues. Accurate detection of Cu2+ is therefore critical in both medical diagnostics and environmental monitoring. Fluorescent proteins (FPs), which are widely used in molecular and cell biology, have been suggested as attractive modalities for metal ion detection owing to their biocompatibility and specific responsiveness to metal ions. The fluorescence emission of FPs is efficiently quenched by Cu2+ in a reversible manner, suggesting the potential to develop Cu2+-responsive biosensors. To develop highly sensitive and selective Cu2+ biosensors based on FPs, an understanding of Cu2+ binding to FPs is crucial, along with FP engineering guided by structural analysis. In this study, the molecular properties of FPs and their fluorescence responses to metal ions were reviewed. The crystal structures of FPs complexed with Cu2+ were analyzed, revealing both specific and nonspecific Cu2+ binding modes. This structural analysis provides insights into the potential of engineering FPs to enhance sensitivity and selectivity for Cu2+ detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorescent Probes: Design and Biological Applications)
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