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Biomedicines
Special Issues
New Advances in Immunology and Immunotherapy
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New Advances in Immunology and Immunotherapy

A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Immunology and Immunotherapy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 May 2026 | Viewed by 82

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Narges Baluch

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Rady Children’s Hospital, University of California, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
Interests: immunology; immunotherapy; immune checkpoints; CAR/TCR cell therapy; mRNA vaccines

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue, "New Advances in Immunology and Immunotherapy", includes the latest mechanistic insights into innate and adaptive immunity and their immediate translation into therapeutic modalities. The topic further encompasses next-generation biologics-engineered CAR/TCR cells, bispecific antibodies, antibody–drug conjugates, oncolytic viruses, mRNA, and self-amplifying RNA platforms, as well as combination strategies that remodel the tumor microenvironment or restore durable tolerance.

Dr. Narges Baluch
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biomedicines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • immunology
  • immunotherapy
  • immune checkpoints
  • CAR/TCR cell therapy
  • mRNA vaccines

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

24 pages, 3165 KB  
Review
HER2-Low Breast Cancer at the Interface of Pathology and Technology: Toward Precision Management
by Faezeh Shekari, Reza Bayat Mokhtari, Razieh Salahandish, Manpreet Sambi, Roshanak Tarrahi, Mahsa Salehi, Neda Ashayeri, Paige Eversole, Myron R. Szewczuk, Sayan Chakraborty and Narges Baluch
Biomedicines 2026, 14(1), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14010049 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: HER2-low breast cancer has emerged as a clinically meaningful category that challenges the historical HER2-positive versus HER2-negative classification. Although not defined as a distinct biological subtype, HER2-low tumors exhibit unique clinicopathological features and differential sensitivity to novel antibody–drug conjugates. Accurate identification remains [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: HER2-low breast cancer has emerged as a clinically meaningful category that challenges the historical HER2-positive versus HER2-negative classification. Although not defined as a distinct biological subtype, HER2-low tumors exhibit unique clinicopathological features and differential sensitivity to novel antibody–drug conjugates. Accurate identification remains difficult due to limitations in immunohistochemistry performance, inter-observer variability, intratumoral heterogeneity, and dynamic shifts in HER2 expression over time. This review synthesizes current evidence on the biological and clinical characteristics of HER2-low breast cancer and evaluates emerging diagnostic innovations, with emphasis on liquid biopsy approaches and evolving technologies that may enhance diagnostic accuracy and monitoring. Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted, examining tissue-based HER2 testing, liquid biopsy modalities, including circulating tumor cells, circulating nucleic acids, extracellular vesicles, and soluble HER2 extracellular domains, and applications of artificial intelligence (AI) across histopathology and multimodal diagnostic systems. Results: Liquid biopsy technologies offer minimally invasive, real-time assessment of HER2 dynamics and may overcome fundamental limitations of tissue-based assays. However, these platforms require rigorous analytical validation and face regulatory and standardization challenges before widespread clinical adoption. Concurrently, AI-enhanced histopathology and multimodal diagnostic systems improve reproducibility, refine HER2 classification, and enable more accurate prediction of treatment response. Emerging biosensor- and AI-enabled monitoring frameworks further support continuous disease evaluation. Conclusions: HER2-low breast cancer sits at the intersection of evolving pathology and technological innovation. Integrating liquid biopsy platforms with AI-driven diagnostics has the potential to advance precision stratification and guide personalized therapeutic strategies for this expanding patient subgroup. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Immunology and Immunotherapy)
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