Artificial Intelligence Applications in Neuroscience and Brain Diseases

Dear Colleagues,

The convergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and neuroscience is revolutionizing our understanding of the brain and transforming the research, diagnosis, and treatment of neurological disorders. By combining the computational power of AI with insights from brain science, researchers can now analyze vast and complex datasets from neuroimaging, electrophysiology, and genomics, enabling early detection of diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s and supporting the development of personalized and adaptive therapies. AI also enhances brain–computer interfaces, real-time neural decoding, and dynamic brain connectivity mapping, paving the way for innovations in cognitive augmentation and neurotechnology. At the same time, neuroscience inspires AI through brain-like architectures and learning processes that improve algorithmic performance and explainability. This bidirectional relationship not only deepens scientific understanding but also fuels technological advancement across medicine and computing. Despite significant progress, challenges remain, particularly regarding data integration, ethical concerns and the lack of transparency in many AI models, highlighting the need for interpretability, equity, and interdisciplinary collaboration. Ultimately, the fusion of AI and neuroscience is unlocking the mysteries of the mind and reshaping human potential, driving breakthroughs that promise to redefine healthcare, technology, and our comprehension of intelligence itself.

The present work intends to present recent studies that highlight the growing integration of AI and neuroscience, emphasizing how AI techniques are transforming brain research, diagnosis, and therapy. It explores advancements in neuroimaging analysis, neural signal decoding, and personalized medicine, as well as how neuroscience principles inspire the design of intelligent algorithms. By reviewing cutting-edge developments and interdisciplinary approaches, this work aims to demonstrate how the synergy between AI and neuroscience is reshaping our understanding of the brain and expanding the frontiers of both science and technology.

Dr. Marios Krokidis
Guest Editor

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