The Role of NK Cells in Cancer Immunotherapy: Mechanisms, Evasion Strategies, and Therapeutic Advances

A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Cancer Biology and Oncology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2025 | Viewed by 2712

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Nanoscopy-UGR Laboratory, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Unidad de Excelencia en Quimica Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), University of Granada, C. U. Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
Interests: cancer; synthesis of antitumor organic compounds; synthesis of fluorescent probes

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Natural killer (NK) cells play a pivotal role in immune surveillance and the elimination of tumor cells. Through a set of activating and inhibitory receptors, NK cells recognize and destroy malignant cells; however, tumors have developed evasion mechanisms with which to escape NK-cell-mediated destruction, posing a significant challenge in the field of immunotherapy. This Special Issue explores the mechanisms of NK cell action in the cancer context, the strategies tumors employ to evade NK cell activity, and emerging NK-cell-based therapies, such as CAR-NK cells and combination therapies. Finally, recent clinical trials and future challenges in the clinical implementation of these therapies will be discussed.

Dr. Maria Eugenia Garcia Rubino
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • NK cells
  • cancer immunotherapy
  • tumor evasion
  • cytotoxicity
  • CAR-NK
  • cytokines
  • IL-2
  • immunotherapy
  • tumor microenvironment

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

36 pages, 2379 KiB  
Review
The Role of NK Cells in Cancer Immunotherapy: Mechanisms, Evasion Strategies, and Therapeutic Advances
by Paula Morcillo-Martín-Romo, Javier Valverde-Pozo, María Ortiz-Bueno, Maurizio Arnone, Laura Espinar-Barranco, Celia Espinar-Barranco and María Eugenia García-Rubiño
Biomedicines 2025, 13(4), 857; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13040857 - 2 Apr 2025
Viewed by 2342
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Natural killer (NK) cells play a crucial role in tumor surveillance by exerting cytotoxic activity and modulating immune responses. However, tumors employ diverse evasion strategies that limit NK cell effectiveness. This review aims to explore the molecular mechanisms of NK cell activation [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Natural killer (NK) cells play a crucial role in tumor surveillance by exerting cytotoxic activity and modulating immune responses. However, tumors employ diverse evasion strategies that limit NK cell effectiveness. This review aims to explore the molecular mechanisms of NK cell activation and inhibition in cancer, the influence of the tumor microenvironment, and the latest advancements in NK cell-based immunotherapies, including adoptive NK cell transfer and Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Natural Killer (CAR-NK) cell therapies. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, prioritizing peer-reviewed studies from the last decade on NK cell biology, tumor immune evasion, and immunotherapeutic applications. The analysis includes data from preclinical models and clinical trials evaluating NK cell expansion strategies, cytokine-based stimulation, and CAR-NK cell therapy developments. Results: NK cells eliminate tumors through cytotoxic granule release, death receptor pathways, and cytokine secretion. However, tumor cells evade NK-mediated immunity by downregulating activating ligands, secreting immunosuppressive molecules, and altering the tumor microenvironment. Novel NK cell-based therapies, such as CAR-NK cells and combination approaches with immune checkpoint inhibitors, enhance NK cell persistence and therapeutic efficacy against both hematologic and solid malignancies. Clinical trials suggest improved safety profiles compared to CAR-T therapies, with reduced cytokine release syndrome and graft-versus-host disease. Conclusions: While NK cell-based immunotherapies hold great promise, challenges remain, including limited persistence and tumor-induced immunosuppression. Addressing these hurdles will be critical for optimizing NK cell therapies and advancing next-generation, off-the-shelf immunotherapeutics for broader clinical applications. Full article
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