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Observations and Simulations of Clouds, Aerosols, Precipitation, and Radiation over...
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Observations and Simulations of Clouds, Aerosols, Precipitation, and Radiation over the Southern Ocean

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Meteorology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (6 May 2020) | Viewed by 7694

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Yi Huang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
Interests: Cloud-Aerosol-Precipitation-Radiation Interactions; Atmosphere Remote Sensing; Mesoscale Numerical Modeling; Boundary Layer Meteorology; Mountain Meteorology
Prof. Adrian McDonald

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Gateway Antarctica/School of Physical & Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
Interests: Cloud-Aerosol-Precipitation-Radiation Interactions; Atmospheric Remote Sensing; Synoptic Climatology and Machine Learning in the Geosciences
Dr. Christina McCluskey

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National Center for Atmospheric Science, Boulder, Colorado, CO 80305, USA
Interests: aerosol physics and chemistry; aerosol-cloud interactions; numerical modeling

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Southern Ocean is a critical component of Earth’s climate system which has a significant influence on ocean circulation and anthropogenic carbon uptake. Unfortunately, large biases exist in the atmospheric radiation budget in both climate models and reanalysis products, which in turn lead to positive sea surface temperature biases over the entire Southern Ocean.  These biases have been attributed to a poor understanding of clouds, aerosols, precipitation, and radiation, and their interactions in this region.

Due to the harsh environment of the remote Southern Ocean, much of our current knowledge is heavily dependent on satellite products which are themselves often limited by a lack of in situ observations for calibration. Motivated by the need to improve the fundamental understanding of key atmospheric processes of the Southern Ocean climate system, a range of ship- and airborne field campaigns have been taking place in recent years, yielding an unprecedented wealth of new data and insights. 

This Special Issue aims to bring together high-quality observational (field and remote-sensing) and modeling studies of clouds, aerosols, precipitation, and radiation over the Southern Ocean to advance our understanding of the critical processes and their interactions. These studies’ central aim is to improve the representation of these processes in models at multiple spatial and temporal scales and to enhance the simulation of this region. Review papers and summaries of recent field campaigns are also welcome.

Dr. Yi Huang
Prof. Adrian McDonald
Dr. Christina McCluskey
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Atmosphere is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Southern Ocean
  • Cloud-aerosol-precipitation-radiation
  • Observations
  • Simulations
  • Multi-scale dynamical impacts
  • Climate prediction and model parameterization
  • Cloud microphysics
  • Aerosol physics and chemistry
  • Polar Meteorology

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

22 pages, 8265 KiB  
Article
Measurements of Cloud Radiative Effect across the Southern Ocean (43° S–79° S, 63° E–158° W)
by Haoran Wang, Andrew R. Klekociuk, W. John R. French, Simon P. Alexander and Tom A. Warner
Atmosphere 2020, 11(9), 949; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11090949 - 05 Sep 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2877
Abstract
The surface radiation environment over the Southern Ocean within the region bound by 42.8° S to 78.7° S and 62.6° E to 157.7° W is summarised for three austral summers. This is done using ship-based measurements with the combination of downwelling radiation sensors [...] Read more.
The surface radiation environment over the Southern Ocean within the region bound by 42.8° S to 78.7° S and 62.6° E to 157.7° W is summarised for three austral summers. This is done using ship-based measurements with the combination of downwelling radiation sensors and a cloud imager. We focus on characterising the cloud radiative effect (CRE) under a variety of conditions, comparing observations in the open ocean with those in the sea ice zone. For comparison with our observed data, we obtained surface data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts fifth reanalysis (ERA5). We found that the daily average cloud fraction was slightly lower in ERA5 compared with the observations (0.71 and 0.75, respectively). ERA5 also showed positive biases in the shortwave radiation effect and a negative bias in the longwave radiation effect. The observed mean surface CRE of −164 ± 100 Wm−2 was more negative than the mean surface CRE for ERA5 of −101 W m−2. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Observations and Simulations of Clouds, Aerosols, Precipitation, and Radiation over the Southern Ocean)
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20 pages, 3268 KiB  
Article
Polarimetric Backscatter Sonde Observations of Southern Ocean Clouds and Aerosols
by Murray Hamilton, Simon P. Alexander, Alain Protat, Steven Siems and Scott Carpentier
Atmosphere 2020, 11(4), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11040399 - 17 Apr 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2139
Abstract
Balloon-borne polarimetric backscatter sonde (polarsonde) observations of aerosol and cloud during the approach of a cold front at Macquarie Island (54.499 S 158.937 E) are described. The polarsonde captures vertical profiles of cloud occurrence and phase. The cloud base and cloud top heights [...] Read more.
Balloon-borne polarimetric backscatter sonde (polarsonde) observations of aerosol and cloud during the approach of a cold front at Macquarie Island (54.499 S 158.937 E) are described. The polarsonde captures vertical profiles of cloud occurrence and phase. The cloud base and cloud top heights from the backscatter sonde compare favourably with observations made by a co-located cloud radar and ceilometer. An estimate of the total scatter probability from a liquid cloud layer at 1000 m height is used with a Monte Carlo model of the instrument to obtain cloud particle concentration, and this is compared to a measurement of cloud condensation nucleus concentration made at sea level. Backscatter from aerosol, as well as cloud, is significant. A high aerosol loading in part of the pre-frontal airmass is observed at altitudes up to 6 km. Below the melting level, the high cross-polarised return, relative to the co-polarised, indicates a substantial concentration of solid, non-spherical aerosol particles, which due to the high humidity cannot be sea salt or sulphate. A back trajectory analysis indicates that the observed aerosol includes continental dust. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Observations and Simulations of Clouds, Aerosols, Precipitation, and Radiation over the Southern Ocean)
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12 pages, 399 KiB  
Article
Evidence of a Diurnal Cycle in Precipitation over the Southern Ocean as Observed at Macquarie Island
by Francisco Lang, Yi Huang, Steven T. Siems and Michael J. Manton
Atmosphere 2020, 11(2), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11020181 - 09 Feb 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2192
Abstract
Due to a lack of observations, relatively large discrepancies exist between precipitation products over the Southern Ocean. In this manuscript, surface hourly precipitation observations from Macquarie Island (54.62 ° S, 158.85 ° E) are analysed (1998–2016) to reveal a diurnal cycle. The precipitation [...] Read more.
Due to a lack of observations, relatively large discrepancies exist between precipitation products over the Southern Ocean. In this manuscript, surface hourly precipitation observations from Macquarie Island (54.62 ° S, 158.85 ° E) are analysed (1998–2016) to reveal a diurnal cycle. The precipitation rate is at a maximum during night/early morning and a minimum in the afternoon at Macquarie Island station. Seasonally, the diurnal cycle is strongest in summer and negligible over winter. Such a cycle is consistent with precipitation arising from marine boundary layer clouds, suggesting that such clouds are making a substantial contribution to total precipitation over Macquarie Island and the Southern Ocean. Using twice daily upper air soundings (1995–2011), lower troposphere stability parameters show a stronger inversion at night, again consistent with precipitation arising from marine boundary layer clouds. The ERA-Interim precipitation is dominated by a 12 hourly cycle, year around, which is likely to be a consequence of the twice-daily initialisation. The implication of a diurnal cycle in boundary layer clouds over the Southern Ocean to derived A-Train satellite precipitation products is also discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Observations and Simulations of Clouds, Aerosols, Precipitation, and Radiation over the Southern Ocean)
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