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Atmosphere
Special Issues
Coupling of Lower, Middle, and Upper Atmosphere
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Coupling of Lower, Middle, and Upper Atmosphere

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Meteorology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2020) | Viewed by 8129

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Gunter Stober

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Interests: remote sensing; middle atmosphere dynamics; atmopsheric tides; gravity waves; planetary waves; meteors
Dr. Klemens Hocke

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
2. Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
Interests: coupling of lower, middle, and upper atmosphere
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The middle atmosphere is a highly dynamical region driven by vertical coupling through waves transporting energy and momentum from their source regions to the altitudes of their dissipation. In this Special Issue, we are interested in observations, modeling, and simulations investigating the wave propagation from the troposphere up to the lower thermosphere and ionosphere. In particular, we encourage studies of gravity waves and secondary wave generation due to body forces, atmospheric tides (migrating and non-migrating), and planetary waves, as well as their interaction between each other and mean flow. Studies of the polar vortex and its distortion through planetary waves in the northern and southern hemisphere and potential breakdowns during sudden stratospheric warmings are also of interest, as well as mesospheric coolings. This also includes research dedicated to developing or improving remote sensing techniques or diagnostics of wave parameters at various scales. Research papers related to external forcing and the vertical coupling between the middle atmosphere and the thermosphere–ionosphere system, including forcing from outer space (particle precipitation, solar irradiance variations, and so forth) are also welcome.

Dr. Gunter Stober
Dr. Klemens Hocke
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Atmosphere is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • middle atmosphere dynamics
  • atmospheric tides
  • gravity waves
  • planetary waves
  • wave–mean flow interaction
  • coupling processes (radiative, chemical, dynamical, electrodynamical)
  • sudden stratospheric warmings
  • mesospheric coolings
  • mesospheric inversion layers
  • atmospheric composition changes
  • trends in the middle and upper atmosphere
  • remote sensing (lidar, radar, radiometer, airglow)
  • wind measurement
  • GCM studies (model comparison, nudging, data assimilation)
  • vertical coupling to the ionosphere
  • external forcing from outer space

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

26 pages, 33162 KiB  
Article
Mutual Interference of Local Gravity Wave Forcings in the Stratosphere
by Nadja Samtleben, Aleš Kuchař, Petr Šácha, Petr Pišoft and Christoph Jacobi
Atmosphere 2020, 11(11), 1249; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111249 - 19 Nov 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2409
Abstract
Gravity wave (GW) breaking and associated GW drag is not uniformly distributed among latitudes and longitudes. In particular, regions of enhanced GW breaking, so-called GW hotspots, have been identified, major Northern Hemisphere examples being located above the Rocky Mountains, the Himalayas and the [...] Read more.
Gravity wave (GW) breaking and associated GW drag is not uniformly distributed among latitudes and longitudes. In particular, regions of enhanced GW breaking, so-called GW hotspots, have been identified, major Northern Hemisphere examples being located above the Rocky Mountains, the Himalayas and the East Asian region. These hotspots influence the middle atmosphere circulation both individually and in combination. Their interference is here examined by performing simulations including (i) the respective single GW hotspots, (ii) two GW hotspots, and (iii) all three GW hotspots with a simplified global circulation model. The combined GW hotspots lead to a modification of the polar vortex in connection with a zonal mean flow decrease and an increase of the temperature at higher latitudes. The different combinations of GW hotspots mainly prevent the stationary planetary wave (SPW) 1 from propagating upward at midlatitudes leading to a decrease in energy and momentum transfer in the middle atmosphere caused by breaking SPW 1, and in turn to an acceleration of the zonal mean flow at lower latitudes. In contrast, the GW hotspot above the Rocky Mountains alone causes an increase in SPW 1 amplitude and Eliassen–Palm flux (EP flux), inducing enhanced negative EP divergence, decelerating the zonal mean flow at higher latitudes. Consequently, none of the combinations of different GW hotspots is comparable to the impact of the Rocky Mountains GW hotspot alone. The reason is that the GW hotspots mostly interfere nonlinearly. Depending on the longitudinal distance between two GW hotspots, the interference between the combined Rocky Mountains and East Asian GW hotspots is more additive than the interference between the combined Rocky Mountains and Himalaya GW hotspots. While the Rocky Mountains and the East Asian GW hotspots are longitudinally displaced by 105°, the Rocky Mountains are shifted by 170° to the Himalayas. Moreover, while the East Asian and the Himalayas are located side by side, the interference between these GW hotspots is the most nonlinear because they are latitudinally displaced by 20°. In general, the SPW activity, e.g., represented in SPW amplitudes, EP flux or Plumb flux, is strongly reduced, when the GW hotspots are interacting with each other. Thus, the interfering GW hotspots mostly have a destructive effect on SPW propagation and generation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coupling of Lower, Middle, and Upper Atmosphere)
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12 pages, 2197 KiB  
Article
The Contribution of Geomagnetic Activity to Ionospheric foF2 Trends at Different Phases of the Solar Cycle by SWM
by Haimeng Li, Jing-Song Wang, Zhou Chen, Lianqi Xie, Fan Li and Tongji Zheng
Atmosphere 2020, 11(6), 616; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11060616 - 11 Jun 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2287
Abstract
Solar activity dominates the temporal variability of ionospheric properties, which makes it difficult to identify and isolate the effects of geomagnetic activity on the ionosphere. Therefore, the latter effects on the ionosphere are still unclear. Here, we use the spectral whitening method (SWM)—a [...] Read more.
Solar activity dominates the temporal variability of ionospheric properties, which makes it difficult to identify and isolate the effects of geomagnetic activity on the ionosphere. Therefore, the latter effects on the ionosphere are still unclear. Here, we use the spectral whitening method (SWM)—a proven approach to extract ionospheric perturbations caused by geomagnetic activity—to directly obtain, in isolation, the effects of geomagnetic activity. We study its contribution to the ionosphere for different phases of the solar cycle. The time lag between the solar and geomagnetic activities provides an opportunity to understand the contribution of geomagnetic activity to the perturbation of the ionosphere. The results suggest that this contribution to the ionosphere is significant when geomagnetic activity is at its maximum level, which usually happens in the declining phase of the solar cycle, but the contribution is very weak at the solar minimum and during the ascending phase. Then, by analyzing the contributions in different months, we find that the role of geomagnetic activity is larger around winter but smaller around summer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coupling of Lower, Middle, and Upper Atmosphere)
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11 pages, 2307 KiB  
Article
GNSS Ionosphere Sounding of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles
by Guanyi Ma, Klemens Hocke, Jinghua Li, Qingtao Wan, Weijun Lu and Weizheng Fu
Atmosphere 2019, 10(11), 676; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10110676 - 02 Nov 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2879
Abstract
Ground- and space-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers can provide three-dimensional (3D) information about the occurrence of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs). For this study, we selected March 2014 data (during solar maximum of cycle 24) for the analysis. The timing and the [...] Read more.
Ground- and space-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers can provide three-dimensional (3D) information about the occurrence of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs). For this study, we selected March 2014 data (during solar maximum of cycle 24) for the analysis. The timing and the latitudinal dependence of the EPBs occurrence rate are derived by means of the rate of the total electron content (TEC) index (ROTI) data from GNSS receivers in China, whereas vertical profiles of the scintillation index S4 are provided by COSMIC (Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate). The GNSS receivers of the low Earth orbit satellites give information about the occurrence of amplitude scintillations in limb sounding geometry where the focus is on magnetic latitudes from 20° S to 20° N. The occurrence rates of the observed EPB-induced scintillations are generally smaller than those of the EPB-induced ROTI variations. The timing and the latitude dependence of the EPBs occurrence rate agree between the ground-based and spaceborne GNSS data. We find that EPBs occur at 19:00 LT and they are mainly situated above the F2 peak layer which descended from 450 km at 20:00 LT to 300 km at 24:00 LT in the equatorial ionosphere. At the same time, the spaceborne GNSS data also show, for the first time, a high occurrence rate of post-sunset scintillations at 100 km altitude, indicating the coexistence of equatorial sporadic E with EPBs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coupling of Lower, Middle, and Upper Atmosphere)
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