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Atmosphere
Special Issues
Island Effects on Weather and Climate
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Island Effects on Weather and Climate

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Meteorology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 October 2024) | Viewed by 2231

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Yi-Leng Chen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
Interests: island effects on weather and climate; high- resolution numerical modeling; high-wind and heavy-rainfall events

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

An isolated island disrupts the prevailing airflow, forcing ascending currents that initiate clouds over the windward slopes. An isolated island also acts as a barrier to the approaching airflow and as a heat source (sink) during the day (night). Island-induced airflow, weather, and microscale climates are complex, especially in the presence of terrain. In this Special Issue, we would like to cover all aspects of island terrain effects on airflow, weather, and climate, including interactions with mesoscale systems, fronts, and tropical cyclones, using observations, analyses, and numerical modeling. Perturbations induced by airflow past an isolated mountainous island also include a variety of phenomena, such as hydraulic jumps, wake vortices, lee waves, downslope winds on lee‑side slopes, and strong winds within ocean channels. Due to complications associated with different terrain heights, shapes, and sizes, heavy rainfall, high winds, extreme weather events, droughts, and island wildland fires are frequently localized in nature, with large spatial variations, and are a significant challenge for research and operations. Manuscripts on, but not limited to, improving our understanding of island-scale weather and climate characteristics, the island flow response under different large-scale and climate settings, and island effects on weather systems and extreme events are solicited.    

Dr. Yi-Leng Chen
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Atmosphere is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • localized heavy rainfall, floods
  • localized high winds
  • land/sea breezes
  • diurnal cycle
  • katabatic/anabatic winds
  • wake circulations
  • island effects on tropical cyclones
  • island effects on frontal systems
  • island effects on mesoscale convective systems
  • island-scale forcing on initiation of convection
  • extreme events
  • high resolution numerical modeling
  • statistical modeling
  • droughts
  • microscale climate
  • future island-scale climate projection

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

22 pages, 18686 KiB  
Article
An Idealized Cloud-Resolving Modeling Study on Rainfall in Taiwan Under Uniform Northeasterly Flow in Winter, Part I: Effects of Wind Direction, Speed, and Moisture Amount
by Chung-Chieh Wang, Chun-Hsien Li, Shin-Yi Huang and Chih-Sheng Chang
Atmosphere 2024, 15(12), 1484; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15121484 - 12 Dec 2024
Viewed by 711
Abstract
This study performs idealized simulations of rainfall in Taiwan in a winter monsoon regime under different wind direction (Wd; every 15° from 0° to 90°), speed (Ws; 12, 8, and 4 m s−1), and relative [...] Read more.
This study performs idealized simulations of rainfall in Taiwan in a winter monsoon regime under different wind direction (Wd; every 15° from 0° to 90°), speed (Ws; 12, 8, and 4 m s−1), and relative humidity (RH; 80, 70, and 60%) combinations at low levels, based on a simplified mean sounding profile from observations during the event over 20–24 November 2020. Thus, at a horizontal grid size of 2 km, a total of 7 × 3 × 3 = 63 runs are performed and the aim is to investigate the response in daily rainfall in northern Taiwan to these three parameters. The model results from the closest combination are verified against the observed rainfall both during the reference event and in several historical cases with reasonable agreement, indicating the usefulness of the approach, albeit with some limitations. From the experiments, our main findings can be summarized as below. First and foremost, with Ws = 12 m s−1 and RH = 80%, when the prescribed Wd changes from 0° (northerly) to 90° (easterly) gradually, the main rainfall areas shift from northern to northeastern Taiwan, with local maxima at the northern tip, northeastern tip of Taiwan, and near Suao (at the end of the Central Mountain Range) in response, indicating topographic uplifting for rainfall production. At a larger impinging angle, the Suao area tends to receive the most daily rainfall and can exceed 300 mm at Wd of about 75°–80°. Second, when Ws decreases to 8 m s−1, the general rainfall regions often remain similar but the amounts become lower, especially at local maxima. The peak amount near Suao is only about 100 mm. At weak wind of Ws = 4 m s−1, only moderate rainfall of 20 mm or below can be produced in Taiwan, and the local centers become not discernable. Third, when RH is lowered, the rainfall in northern Taiwan decreases significantly, especially along and near the coast under weaker winds coming from smaller angles. At RH = 70%, a higher accumulation (≥100 mm or so) near Suao is only possible with Wd ≥ about 55° at Ws = 12 m s−1 or when Wd ≥ 70° at Ws = 8 m s−1. At RH = 60%, the rainfall in northern Taiwan (and on the entire island) further decreases, again more evidently in cases with smaller Wd and Ws values. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Island Effects on Weather and Climate)
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21 pages, 4517 KiB  
Article
Causes for the Occurrence of Severe Drought at the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands during the El Niño Event in 2018–2019
by Hiroshi Matsuyama
Atmosphere 2024, 15(8), 1005; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15081005 - 20 Aug 2024
Viewed by 914
Abstract
The Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, consisting of more than 30 islands and located approximately 1000 km south of central Tokyo, occasionally experience severe droughts. Severe drought does not typically occur during El Niño (EN) events in the Ogasawara Islands because convective activity around the [...] Read more.
The Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, consisting of more than 30 islands and located approximately 1000 km south of central Tokyo, occasionally experience severe droughts. Severe drought does not typically occur during El Niño (EN) events in the Ogasawara Islands because convective activity around the tropical western Pacific is inactive during EN events and correspondingly induces substantial precipitation around the Ogasawara Islands through the Pacific–Japan (P-J) pattern. However, a severe drought in 2018–2019 occurred during EN. In this study, we investigated the causes of drought occurrence. In 2018–2019, the El Niño Modoki (EN Modoki) event occurred simultaneously with EN, which decreased precipitation around the Ogasawara Islands from autumn to the following spring. This was induced by the positive sea level pressure anomaly and anticyclonic circulation around the Ogasawara Islands peculiar to the EN Modoki condition. In relation to the 2018–2019 drought, the investigation of past drought events at the Ogasawara Islands revealed that the drought in the spring and summer of 1991 also occurred during the simultaneous occurrence of the EN and EN Modoki events. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Island Effects on Weather and Climate)
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