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Applied Sciences
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Advances in Nondestructive Testing and Structural Health Monitoring for Materials...
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Advances in Nondestructive Testing and Structural Health Monitoring for Materials and Aerospace Industry Applications

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Mechanical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2021) | Viewed by 15369

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Stefano Laureti

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Informatics, Modeling, Electronics and System Engineering, The University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
Interests: nondestructive testing; ultrasonics; acoustic metamaterials; phonic crystals; signal and image processing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Marco Ricci

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Informatics, Modeling, Electronics and System Engineering, University of Calabria, Arcavacata, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
Interests: nondestructive evaluation; signal processing; ultrasonics; spintronics; quantum optics
Prof. Pietro Burrascano

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Polo Scientifico Didattico di Terni, Via di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni (TR), Italy
Interests: nondestructive testing; signal processing; pulse compression; spintronics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

When it comes to evaluating and monitoring the healthiness and the quality of industrial and civil structures, and to ensuring better in-service performance, increased sustainability, and greater safety, a long chain of production controls together with nondestructive testing (NDT) and structural health monitoring (SHM) protocols are employed.

This is the case in the aerospace industry, where new materials, structures, and innovative construction processes are continuously introduced with the aim of making aircrafts increasingly light and fuel-efficient.

To prevent failures that could cause hazards for people and/or economic losses, various NDT techniques are applied on raw materials during production, during each subsequent manufacturing stage, and to the whole aircraft through scheduled periodic inspections. Increasingly, the new generation of aircrafts is being monitored in real-time during flights by an extended net of sensors, embedded within critical parts of the aircraft structures, to implement SHM.

Starting from the experience of the H2020 Marie Skłodowska Curie ITN network NDTonAIR (www.ndtonair.eu), this Special Issue aims at collecting original contributions on recent efforts and advances in nondestructive testing and structural health monitoring for materials and aerospace industry applications. Papers dealing with the comparison and integration of different techniques are welcome, as well as comprehensive review papers on the most recent state-of-the-art.

This Special Issue contains contributions from the NDTonAIR (www.ndtonair.eu) project funded under the action: H2020-MSCA-ITN-2016- GRANT 722134.

The topics of interest for this Special Issue include but are not limited to the following:

  • Nondestructive testing and evaluation (NDT/NDE);
  • Structural health monitoring (SHM);
  • Sensors for SHM and NDT/NDE;
  • Multifunctional sensing materials.
  • Innovations in NDT/SHM techniques;
  • Nonlinear modeling of structures for early defect detection and evaluation;
  • Artificial intelligence for SHM and NDE;
  • Data fusion and feature extraction;
  • NDE of characteristics of composite and structural materials;
  • SHM-aided reliability analysis and evaluation of structures;
  • Robotic platform for structural inspection and preservation;

Dr. Stefano Laureti
Prof. Marco Ricci
Prof. Pietro Burrascano
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • nondestructive testing and evaluation (NDT/NDE)
  • structural health monitoring (SHM)
  • sensors for SHM and NDT/NDE
  • multifunctional sensing materials
  • innovations in NDT/SHM techniques
  • nonlinear modeling of structures for early defect detection and evaluation
  • artificial intelligence for SHM and NDE
  • data fusion and feature extraction
  • NDE of characteristics of composite and structural materials
  • SHM-aided reliability analysis and evaluation of structures
  • robotic platform for structural inspection and preservation
  • aerospace/aircrafts
  • composite materials
  • materials’ inspection

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 17318 KiB  
Article
Ultrasonic Imaging of Thick Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers through Pulse-Compression-Based Phased Array
by Muhammad Khalid Rizwan, Stefano Laureti, Hubert Mooshofer, Matthias Goldammer and Marco Ricci
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(4), 1508; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11041508 - 07 Feb 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2767
Abstract
The use of pulse-compression in ultrasonic non-destructive testing has assured, in various applications, a significant improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio. In this work, the technique is combined with linear phased array to improve the sensitivity and resolution in the ultrasonic imaging of highly [...] Read more.
The use of pulse-compression in ultrasonic non-destructive testing has assured, in various applications, a significant improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio. In this work, the technique is combined with linear phased array to improve the sensitivity and resolution in the ultrasonic imaging of highly attenuating and scattering materials. A series of tests were conducted on a 60 mm thick carbon fiber reinforced polymer benchmark sample with known defects using a custom-made pulse-compression-based phased array system. Sector scan and total focusing method images of the sample were obtained with the developed system and were compared with those reconstructed by using a commercial pulse-echo phased array system. While an almost identical sensitivity was found in the near field, the pulse-compression-based system surpassed the standard one in the far-field producing a more accurate imaging of the deepest defects and of the backwall of the sample. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nondestructive Testing and Structural Health Monitoring for Materials and Aerospace Industry Applications)
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15 pages, 1755 KiB  
Article
Vibration-Based Thermal Health Monitoring for Face Layer Debonding Detection in Aerospace Sandwich Structures
by Thomas Bergmayr, Christoph Kralovec and Martin Schagerl
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(1), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11010211 - 28 Dec 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1932
Abstract
This paper investigates the potential of a novel vibration-based thermal health monitoring method for continuous and on-board damage detection in fiber reinforced polymer sandwich structures, as typically used in aerospace applications. This novel structural health monitoring method uses the same principles, which are [...] Read more.
This paper investigates the potential of a novel vibration-based thermal health monitoring method for continuous and on-board damage detection in fiber reinforced polymer sandwich structures, as typically used in aerospace applications. This novel structural health monitoring method uses the same principles, which are used for vibration-based thermography in combination with the concept of the local defect resonance, as a well known non-destructive testing method (NDT). The use of heavy shakers for applying strong excitation and infrared cameras for observing thermal responses are key hindrances for the application of vibration-based thermography in real-life structures. However, the present study circumvents these limitations by using piezoelectric wafer active sensors as excitation source, which can be permanently bonded on mechanical structures. Additionally, infrared cameras are replaced by surface temperature sensors for observing the thermal responses due to vibrations and damage. This makes continuous and on-board thermal health monitoring possible. The new method is experimentally validated in laboratory experiments by a sandwich structure with face layer debonding as damage scenario. The debonding is realized by introduction of an insert during the manufacturing process of the specimen. The surface temperature sensor results successfully show the temperature increase in the area of the debonding caused by a sinusoidal excitation of the sandwich structure with the PWAS at the first resonance frequency of the damage. This is validated by conventional infrared thermography. These findings demonstrate the potential of the proposed novel thermal health monitoring method for detecting, localizing and estimating sizes of face layer debonding in sandwich structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nondestructive Testing and Structural Health Monitoring for Materials and Aerospace Industry Applications)
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19 pages, 10466 KiB  
Article
In-Plane Heatwave Thermography as Digital Inspection Technique for Fasteners in Aircraft Fuselage Panels
by Michael Stamm, Peter Krüger, Helge Pfeiffer, Bernd Köhler, Johan Reynaert and Martine Wevers
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(1), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11010132 - 25 Dec 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2152
Abstract
The inspection of fasteners in aluminium joints in the aviation industry is a time consuming and costly but mandatory task. Until today, the manual procedure with the bare eye does not allow the temporal tracking of a damaging behavior or the objective comparison [...] Read more.
The inspection of fasteners in aluminium joints in the aviation industry is a time consuming and costly but mandatory task. Until today, the manual procedure with the bare eye does not allow the temporal tracking of a damaging behavior or the objective comparison between different inspections. A digital inspection method addresses both aspects while resulting in a significant inspection time reduction. The purpose of this work is to develop a digital and automated inspection method based on In-plane Heatwave Thermography and the analysis of the disturbances due to thermal irregularities in the plate-like structure. For this, a comparison study with Ultrasound Lock-in Thermography and Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometry as well as a benchmarking of all three methods on one serviceable aircraft fuselage panel is performed. The presented data confirm the feasibility to detect and to qualify countersunk rivets and screws in aluminium aircraft fuselage panels with the discussed methods. The results suggest a fully automated inspection procedure which combines the different approaches and a study with more samples to establish thresholds indicating intact and damaged fasteners. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nondestructive Testing and Structural Health Monitoring for Materials and Aerospace Industry Applications)
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11 pages, 3799 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Influence of Surface Roughness on Measurement of Ultrasonic Nonlinearity Parameter Using Contact-Type Transducer
by Jongbeom Kim, Hong-Pil Ha, Kyung-Mo Kim and Kyung-Young Jhang
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(23), 8661; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10238661 - 03 Dec 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2066
Abstract
The ultrasonic nonlinearity parameter is used to evaluate the nonlinear elasticity of a material, which is determined from the displacement amplitude of the fundamental and second-order frequencies components in an ultrasonic wave propagating through a material. However, the displacement amplitude of the second-order [...] Read more.
The ultrasonic nonlinearity parameter is used to evaluate the nonlinear elasticity of a material, which is determined from the displacement amplitude of the fundamental and second-order frequencies components in an ultrasonic wave propagating through a material. However, the displacement amplitude of the second-order harmonic component generated during propagation through a material is very weak because it is easily affected by measurement conditions such as surface roughness. In this study, we analyzed the influence of surface roughness on the measurement of the ultrasonic nonlinearity parameter. For this purpose, Al6061-T6 and SUS304 specimens were prepared with different surface roughness ranging from 0.5 to 2.9 μm. Then, the absolute and relative ultrasonic nonlinearity parameter measurements were conducted using a through-transmission technique involving two cases: both surfaces being rough, and one being a rough surface and the other being a smooth surface. The experimental results showed that the surface roughness had a lesser influence on the absolute measurement than on the relative measurement and that the transmission surface was less affected by the reception surface. These results were similar regardless of the types of specimens. Therefore, to perform accurate measurements, it is desirable to measure the nonlinearity parameter after polishing the material surface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nondestructive Testing and Structural Health Monitoring for Materials and Aerospace Industry Applications)
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22 pages, 11657 KiB  
Article
Air-Coupled, Contact, and Immersion Ultrasonic Non-Destructive Testing: Comparison for Bonding Quality Evaluation
by Bengisu Yilmaz, Aadhik Asokkumar, Elena Jasiūnienė and Rymantas Jonas Kažys
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(19), 6757; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10196757 - 27 Sep 2020
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 5588
Abstract
The objective of this study is to compare the performance of different ultrasonic non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques for bonding quality evaluation. Aluminium-epoxy-aluminium single lap joints containing debonding in the form of release film inclusions have been investigated using three types of ultrasonic NDT [...] Read more.
The objective of this study is to compare the performance of different ultrasonic non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques for bonding quality evaluation. Aluminium-epoxy-aluminium single lap joints containing debonding in the form of release film inclusions have been investigated using three types of ultrasonic NDT methods: contact testing, immersion testing, and air-coupled testing. Apart from the traditional bulk wave ultrasound, guided wave testing was also performed using air coupled and contact transducers for the excitation of guided waves. Guided wave propagation within adhesive bond was numerically simulated. A wide range of inspection frequencies causing different ultrasonic wavelengths has been investigated. Average errors in defect sizing per ultrasonic wavelength have been used as a feature to determine the performance of each ultrasonic NDT technique. The best performance is observed with bulk wave investigations. Particularly, the higher frequencies (10–50 MHz) in the immersion testing performed significantly better than air-coupled testing (300 kHz); however, air coupled investigations have other advantages as contactless inspection. Whereas guided wave inspections show relatively lower accuracy in defect sizing, they are good enough to detect the presence of the debonding and enable to inspect long range. Even though each technique has its advantages and limitations, guided wave techniques can be practical for the preliminary in-situ inspection of adhesively bonded specimens. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nondestructive Testing and Structural Health Monitoring for Materials and Aerospace Industry Applications)
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