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Heat Treatment of Metals and Alloys

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Mechanical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2023) | Viewed by 2143

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
1. Laser Enabled Manufacturing, Photonics Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
2. Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Ackland Park, Kingsway Campus, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa
Interests: laser additive manufacturing; direct energy deposition; alloy development; in situ alloying; in situ heat treatment; pre-heating; post-heating

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Traditional manufacturing routes such as casting have seen the development of fully fledged strategies for carrying out heat treatment post-manufacturing. Moreover, available alloys have standard heat treatment phase diagrams. The advent of additive manufacturing, however, whether by laser or electron melting, presents a difficult scenario for achieving desirable alloys, and their post-heat-treatment strategies do not follow those developed and commercialized based on traditional manufacturing routes. Additive manufacturing has introduced the possibility of manufacturing non-conventional alloys and printing of difficult alloys into finished products. To achieve such sound products, there are limitations on how to handle available metals and their alloys, with the most important limitation being in the manufacturing of traditional alloys using AM machines; additionally, it has become clear that post-heat-treatment strategies cannot be used as standard given the history of heating that any printed structure must undergo. Moreover, printed structures are under stress during printing, and if not cured or healed, the produced structure will fail prematurely. This is a significant difficulty that must be resolved given the qualification standards that are required especially for parts flying in airplanes and serving as high-temperature structures for energy applications. This Special Issue will look at the best strategies for additive manufacturing Alloy 17-4Ph, Inconel 718, and Titanium Aluminides Ti4822, and their heat treatment (both in situ and post-heat-treatment) in achieving a desirable or superior microstructure for applications in energy and aerostructures.

Dr. Monnamme T. Tlotleng
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • additive manufacturing
  • alloy 17-4Ph
  • direct energy deposition
  • Inconel 718
  • in situ heating
  • in situ alloying
  • metals and alloys
  • microstructural transformation
  • pre-heating
  • post-heat treatment
  • stress measurements and titanium aluminides Ti4822

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

19 pages, 7200 KiB  
Article
Insights on Niobium Micro-Alloyed Laser In Situ Synthesised Gamma Titanium Aluminide Alloys
by Monnamme Tlotleng, Sisa Pityana and Sibusisiwe Motha
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 5725; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095725 - 6 May 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1755
Abstract
The effects of micro-alloying gamma titanium aluminide (γ-TiAl) with niobium (Nb) using a laser melt pool as a melting pot are reported. The Optomec LENS machine was used to carry out the laser in situ alloying experiments where Nb, ranging from 6 to [...] Read more.
The effects of micro-alloying gamma titanium aluminide (γ-TiAl) with niobium (Nb) using a laser melt pool as a melting pot are reported. The Optomec LENS machine was used to carry out the laser in situ alloying experiments where Nb, ranging from 6 to 10 (at. %), was added to the stable binary γ-TiAl alloy. The results of this study concluded that when a stable binary γ-TiAl alloy is micro-alloyed with Nb, there is a definite microstructural transformation, anneal twinning, promotion, and retardation of aluminium solubility in the dual and pure γ phases, respectively. Twinning in the as-built in situ alloyed ternary Ti–48Al–xNb was for the first time reported in this study. It was observed that 6 at. % Nb promoted twinning in the as-built sample, which inferred that the sample might have room temperature ductility. In fact, it was shown that the twins formed in the as-built sample dissipated with the addition of Nb. A heat treatment temperature of 1200 °C promoted anneal twinning only in the binary alloy, as confirmed by XRD data. Meanwhile, this twinning was absent in all the ternary alloys when they were heat treated to a temperature of 1200 °C. Anneal twinning was confirmed only for the alloy containing 8 Nb (at. %) at 1400 °C. Stalk faults, dislocations, and dislocation pile-ups were observed in the α2 phase of the alloys. Aluminium solubility was seen to increase in the α2 + γ (±49 at. %) phase alloy and sharply decrease in the pure γ (>49 at. %) phase alloys. Most importantly, this study determined that the laser in situ alloying process was highly exothermic. The heat gained by the reaction was found to increase with the increase in niobium content. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Treatment of Metals and Alloys)
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