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The Role of Wild Birds in the Global Spread of Avian Influenza Viruses

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Wildlife".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 December 2025) | Viewed by 333

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
Interests: wildlife; diseases; veterinary medicine; surveillance; conserservation

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Wild birds and avian influenza viruses have a long common history. Originally, wild waterbird reservoirs of the orders Anseriformes (such as, ducks, geese, and swans) and Charadriiformes (such as, gulls, terns, and waders) hosted the low pathogenic form of the virus. More recently, wild birds have been found to host the highly pathogenic form of the virus. In addition, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus has been implicated in global epizootics and has caused mass mortality in several wild bird species worldwide.

Both the low pathogenic and highly pathogenic virus are carried by wild birds over large distances and can spread globally along the migratory flyways. This Special Issue aims to present novel research that further defines the role of wild birds in the global spread of avian influenza viruses.

We encourage submissions that address the presence of avian influenza virus in historical wild bird hosts, as well as in novel wild bird host species. We are particularly interested in studies that investigate national and international surveillance efforts and the geographic spread of the virus, including spillover events among avian populations. Furthermore, we seek contributions that explore the drivers of infection, the factors that influence disease severity, and the potential for zoonotic transmission.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Valentina Caliendo
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • avian influenza viruses
  • wild birds
  • migration
  • surveillance
  • epidemiological investigation
  • outbreak
  • intra- and cross-species transmission

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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15 pages, 6566 KB  
Case Report
Fatal H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza with Retrograde Neuroinvasion in a Free-Ranging Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) During a Wild Bird Outbreak in South Korea
by So-Hee Gwon, Sang-Ik Park, Hyesung Jeong, Daehun Kim, Yaemoon Son, Min-a Lee, Kwanghee Lee, Young-Jae Si, Hyun-Jun Cho, Suwoong Lee, Hyeon Jeong Moon, Gun Lee, Jaewoo Choi, Chung-Do Lee, Jun-Gyu Park and Yeong-Bin Baek
Animals 2026, 16(2), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020200 - 9 Jan 2026
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses spread efficiently via migratory wild birds and increasingly infect mammals. The leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) is an endangered mesopredator in South Korea that frequents wetland–forest ecotones and overlaps with wild waterbirds, placing [...] Read more.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses spread efficiently via migratory wild birds and increasingly infect mammals. The leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) is an endangered mesopredator in South Korea that frequents wetland–forest ecotones and overlaps with wild waterbirds, placing it at risk of exposure. We describe a fatal HPAI H5N1 infection in a free-ranging leopard cat detected through national wildlife surveillance during a period of widespread H5N1 activity in wild birds along the East Asian–Australasian Flyway. The animal showed acute neurological and respiratory signs and died shortly after rescue. H5 viral RNA was detected by RT-qPCR in all examined tissues, with the highest load in the brain, and infectious virus was isolated from the brain, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and nasal swab. Pathology revealed acute serofibrinous pneumonia, severe nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis, necrotizing vasculitis with thrombosis, and necrotizing enteritis with secondary mesenteritis. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated abundant viral antigen in nasal and olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb, neurons, endothelial cells, and bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium, supporting combined olfactory and hematogenous dissemination. This clinicopathological description expands the spectrum of HPAI-associated lesions in felids and underscores the value of wild carnivores as bioindicators of avian influenza spillover in a One Health context. Full article
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