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Working Dogs: Behavioral, Ethical, and Societal Dimensions of Human–Animal Teaming

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Human-Animal Interactions, Animal Behaviour and Emotion".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2026) | Viewed by 508

Editor


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Guest Editor
Human Systems Engineering, Fulton School of Engineering, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ 85212, USA
Interests: human–animal teams; working animals; human–animal interaction

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Unlike standard pet ownership, which is mostly based on affection and companionship, the relationship between humans and their working dogs in contexts such as search and rescue missions is focused primarily on professionalism and teamwork. Understanding the dynamics of such a relationship is crucial to improving the efficacy of the operation. Working dogs play critical roles in various domains due to their olfactory acuity, trainability, and social intelligence. However, their success is often not purely a function of individual skill, but of the quality of the relationship between the dog and handler. Bonding in human–working dog teams fosters trust, enhances communication, and improves resilience under pressure. As organizations increasingly rely on canine teams, understanding the relational dynamics between handlers becomes vital for performance and welfare. 

The aim of this Special Issue is to bring together the latest findings concerning the behavioral, ethical, and societal dimensions of human relationships with working dogs. Original research papers, as well as literature reviews from different research areas, such as welfare, behavior, interactions between humans and animals, ethical considerations of using working animals, and others, are welcome for submission in this Special Issue. Additional topics and interdisciplinary studies will also be considered.

Dr. Heather Lum
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-anonymized peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Animals is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • working dogs
  • working teams
  • human–animal interaction
  • animal welfare
  • animal behavior

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

13 pages, 463 KB  
Article
Beyond the Mission: Long-Term Endocrine Dynamics in Search and Rescue Dog–Handler Teams
by Justyna Wojtaś, Klaudia Kaliszyk, Kamila Kaszycka, Piotr Czyżowski, Aneta Strachecka, Patrycja Staniszewska, Bengü Bi̇lgi̇ç and Mehmet Erman Or
Animals 2026, 16(12), 1934; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16121934 (registering DOI) - 22 Jun 2026
Abstract
Search and rescue (SAR) dog–handler teams work under challenging conditions that may influence long-term physiological stress and arousal. Hair steroid analysis provides a reliable measure of chronic endocrine activity in SAR teams. Hair cortisol (HCL) and hair testosterone (HTL) offer non-invasive markers of [...] Read more.
Search and rescue (SAR) dog–handler teams work under challenging conditions that may influence long-term physiological stress and arousal. Hair steroid analysis provides a reliable measure of chronic endocrine activity in SAR teams. Hair cortisol (HCL) and hair testosterone (HTL) offer non-invasive markers of chronic hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) and (the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal) HPG axis activity. This study examined long-term endocrine patterns in SAR dogs and their handlers and explored correlations within and between species. Hair samples were collected from 60 SAR dogs and their handlers. Dog hair was taken from the interscapular region, and human hair from the occipital area. Cortisol and testosterone were extracted using established methanol-based protocols and quantified via ELISA. Dogs showed a mean HCL of 10.974 pg/mg and a mean HTL of 3.008 pg/mg. Female dogs had significantly higher cortisol levels than males, and cortisol tended to increase with age. Testosterone did not differ by sex, breed, or castration status. Handlers showed a mean HCL of 10.874 pg/mg and a mean HTL of 2.925 pg/mg, with no sex differences. However, handler cortisol levels varied significantly by dog breed. Additionally, HCL levels of dogs and their handlers were negatively correlated. Full article
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