Safeguarding Bee Health: Novel Insights Into Toxicological Threats, Pharmacological Interactions, and Protective Strategies

A Special Issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 April 2027 | Viewed by 569

Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
Interests: bee health; apiculture sustainability; honeybee pathology; varroa control; veterinary medical clinic and pharmacology; ethnoveterinary practices (natural and ethnobotanical treatments)
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Mediterranean Ethnobotanical Conservatory, Sersale, 88054 Catanzaro, Italy
Interests: ethnobotany and traditional botanical knowledge; medicinal and aromatic plants; phytochemistry and plant-derived bioactive compounds; cross-cultural comparative ethnopharmacology; plant–animal interactions in traditional resource management; biocultural diversity and indigenous knowledge systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue focuses on emerging threats to bee health posed by combined pesticide exposures and on novel protective strategies, including the administration of natural products. The scope encompasses mixture toxicology, pharmacological synergism and antagonism, detoxification mechanisms, and phytochemical-based interventions. The purpose is to present high-quality research that moves beyond single-pesticide risk assessments toward realistic, mixture-based approaches, while showcasing evidence-based mitigation tools for beekeeping. A thematic issue is particularly appropriate because recent studies have revealed unexpected synergistic interactions that are not predictable from single-compound data alone. The Special Issue is highly timely, as regulatory bodies increasingly require mixture risk assessments and the European Green Deal urgently calls for effective pollinator protection strategies. To address these challenges, this Special Issue will explore diverse intervention strategies, ranging from dietary supplementation with phytochemicals and nutraceuticals to the modulation of detoxifying enzymes and the pharmacological antagonism of pesticide target sites.

The scope includes, but is not limited to, the following:

  1. Sublethal and lethal effects of single and combined pesticides on bee physiology, behavior, and survival across Apis and non-Apis species (e.g., bumblebees, solitary bees);
  2. Mechanistic studies on detoxification enzymes (e.g., cytochrome P450, esterases) and target-site sensitivity;
  3. Pharmacological antagonism and how natural compounds may counteract pesticide toxicity;
  4. Field-relevant exposure scenarios and risk assessment of pesticide mixtures;
  5. Protective strategies using plant-derived phytochemicals (polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenes) in apiculture and pollinator conservation.

Publishing these papers together will provide a cohesive, impactful resource bridging toxicology, pharmacology, and apicultural practice.

Dr. Roberto Bava
Dr. Carmine Lupia
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-anonymized peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Animals is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

  • bee health
  • pesticide toxicity
  • mitigation strategies
  • natural products
  • environmental pollution
  • phytochemicals and nutraceuticals

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

14 pages, 1214 KB  
Article
Protective Effects of a Polyphenolic Fraction of Bergamot in Improving the Welfare Index in Honeybees (Apis mellifera) Co-Exposed to Deltamethrin and Flupyradifurone: A Laboratory Cage Study
by Roberto Bava, Fabio Castagna, Rosa Maria Bulotta, Stefano Ruga, Giovanna Liguori, Carmine Lupia, Saverio Nucera, Carolina Muscoli, Vincenzo Mollace and Ernesto Palma
Animals 2026, 16(15), 2374; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16152374 - 3 Aug 2026
Viewed by 298
Abstract
The simultaneous presence of multiple pesticide residues in the environment impairs honeybee health and survival. The toxicological interactions could result in additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects as documented in previous studies. In most cases, the co-exposure produces an amplification of the singular toxicity, [...] Read more.
The simultaneous presence of multiple pesticide residues in the environment impairs honeybee health and survival. The toxicological interactions could result in additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects as documented in previous studies. In most cases, the co-exposure produces an amplification of the singular toxicity, resulting in additive or synergistic effects. More rarely, the interaction of active principles leads to antagonistic effects. Previous studies demonstrated that deltamethrin (DMT, a type II pyrethroid) and flupyradifurone (FLU, a butenolide insecticide) produce antagonistic toxicity when co-administered orally to caged Apis mellifera workers, and that dietary supplementation with the bergamot polyphenolic fraction (BPF) independently protects against FLU- and DMT-induced intoxication. The present study investigates the three-way interaction of DMT, FLU, and BPF on honeybees. Survival rate, solution consumption, and abnormal behavior have been recorded over a 72-h exposure period in groups of twenty caged honeybees orally treated with DMT (21.6 mg/L), FLU (50 or 100 mg/L), their binary combinations, or their ternary combinations with BPF (1 mg/kg). Results demonstrate that BPF alone did not differ from control (p > 0.05) at any time point, confirming its safety. Binary combinations of DMT and FLU showed antagonistic survival profiles consistent with our previous report. The addition of BPF to both binary pesticide combinations significantly improved survival (p < 0.001), reduced abnormal behavioral frequencies (p < 0.05), and increased solution intake (p < 0.05) compared to the respective DMT + FLU groups. These results suggest that BPF exerts a protective effect that extends to complex multi-pesticide exposure scenarios. These effects may be associated with antioxidant and detoxification-related pathways, although further biochemical and molecular analyses are required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Full article
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