Commodities, Volume 4, Issue 2

Weather derivative markets, particularly Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) Heating Degree Day (HDD) and Cooling Degree Day (CDD) futures, face challenges from complex temperature dynamics and spatially heterogeneous co-extremes that standard Gaussian...

Oil inventories are essential in alleviating realized and anticipated supply shocks and represent a key market indicator. This study examines the responses of global and country oil inventories to supply shocks under tight and loose market conditions...

In this study, Gaussian process (GP) regression is used to normalize observed commodity data and produce predictions at densely interpolated time intervals. The methodology is applied to an empirical oil price dataset. A Gaussian kernel with data-dep...

The exploitation of the Amazon biome in search of net profit, specifically in the production of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) and açaí (Euterpe oleracea), has caused deforestation, degradation of natural resources, and high greenhouse gas (GH...

Debt-for-nature instruments are financial transactions that allow countries to restructure and reduce foreign debt in exchange for investments in environmental conservation measures. Can debt-for-nature instruments attract more capital for biodiversi...

The COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia–Ukraine war have struck the world’s energy markets. This study analyzed how the recent unstable fossil fuel markets impacted the Japanese electricity contracts, classified as extra-high-, high-, and lo...

This study examines the volatility and hedging effectiveness of commodities, specifically gold and oil, on the Indian stock market, focusing on both aggregate and sectoral indices. Data have been collected from 1 January 2021 to 31 December 2024 to c...

This study analyzes the market efficiency of crude oil markets, namely Brent and West Texas Intermediate (WTI), during three different periods: pre-COVID-19, during the COVID-19 pandemic, and during the ongoing Russia–Ukraine military conflict....