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Review

State of the Art and Recent Advances on Ester and Ether Derivatives of Polysaccharides from Lignocellulose: Production and Technological Applications

by
Heloise O. M. A. Moura
1,2,*,
Aisha V. S. Pereira
1,
Elaine C. de Souza
1,
Adriano M. N. Freitas
1,
Daniella N. R. do Nascimento
2,
Carlos A. C. Kramer
3,
Janaína S. Matos
4,
Jordanna L. B. Costa
1,
Daniel Q. Nobre
1,
Leila M. A. Campos
4,
Késia K. O. S. Silva
2 and
Luciene S. de Carvalho
1,*
1
Energetic Technologies Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Brazil
2
Postgraduate Program in Textile Engineering—PPGET, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Brazil
3
Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Rio Grande do Norte, Ipanguaçu Campus, Ipanguaçu 59508-000, Brazil
4
Postgraduate Program in Chemical Engineering—PPGEQ, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Macromol 2025, 5(4), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/macromol5040047
Submission received: 1 July 2025 / Revised: 5 October 2025 / Accepted: 7 October 2025 / Published: 14 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Starch and Lignocellulosic-Based Materials)
Versions Notes

Abstract

In an era defined by the imperative for sustainable, high-performance materials, this review examines the development and utility of key ester and ether derivatives from both cellulose and hemicellulose sourced from lignocellulosic biomass, with a special emphasis on waste feedstocks. Our findings indicate that these derivatives exhibit tunable physicochemical properties, enabling their broad use in established industrial sectors while also fueling the emergence of novel technological applications in nanotechnology, controlled delivery, tissue engineering, environmental remediation, electronics, and energy fields. This dual-polysaccharide platform demonstrates that underutilized biomass streams can be repurposed as valuable feedstocks, promoting a circular supply chain and supporting more sustainable solutions, thereby aligning with the goals of eco-friendly innovation in materials science. Future progress will likely depend on integrating green chemistry synthesis routes, optimizing waste-to-product conversion efficiency and scalability, and engineering derivatives for multifunctional performance, thus bridging the gap between commodity-scale use and high-tech material innovation.
Keywords: biorefinery; polysaccharides; cellulose; hemicellulose; etherification; esterification biorefinery; polysaccharides; cellulose; hemicellulose; etherification; esterification

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MDPI and ACS Style

Moura, H.O.M.A.; Pereira, A.V.S.; de Souza, E.C.; Freitas, A.M.N.; do Nascimento, D.N.R.; Kramer, C.A.C.; Matos, J.S.; Costa, J.L.B.; Nobre, D.Q.; Campos, L.M.A.; et al. State of the Art and Recent Advances on Ester and Ether Derivatives of Polysaccharides from Lignocellulose: Production and Technological Applications. Macromol 2025, 5, 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/macromol5040047

AMA Style

Moura HOMA, Pereira AVS, de Souza EC, Freitas AMN, do Nascimento DNR, Kramer CAC, Matos JS, Costa JLB, Nobre DQ, Campos LMA, et al. State of the Art and Recent Advances on Ester and Ether Derivatives of Polysaccharides from Lignocellulose: Production and Technological Applications. Macromol. 2025; 5(4):47. https://doi.org/10.3390/macromol5040047

Chicago/Turabian Style

Moura, Heloise O. M. A., Aisha V. S. Pereira, Elaine C. de Souza, Adriano M. N. Freitas, Daniella N. R. do Nascimento, Carlos A. C. Kramer, Janaína S. Matos, Jordanna L. B. Costa, Daniel Q. Nobre, Leila M. A. Campos, and et al. 2025. "State of the Art and Recent Advances on Ester and Ether Derivatives of Polysaccharides from Lignocellulose: Production and Technological Applications" Macromol 5, no. 4: 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/macromol5040047

APA Style

Moura, H. O. M. A., Pereira, A. V. S., de Souza, E. C., Freitas, A. M. N., do Nascimento, D. N. R., Kramer, C. A. C., Matos, J. S., Costa, J. L. B., Nobre, D. Q., Campos, L. M. A., Silva, K. K. O. S., & Carvalho, L. S. d. (2025). State of the Art and Recent Advances on Ester and Ether Derivatives of Polysaccharides from Lignocellulose: Production and Technological Applications. Macromol, 5(4), 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/macromol5040047

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