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Article

Climate Change Perception and Sustainable Behaviors: A Cross-Sectional Study in Southern Italy

by
Francesca Gallè
1,
Giovanna Paduano
2,
Vincenza Sansone
2,
Valeria Di Onofrio
3,
Concetta Paola Pelullo
1,* and
Gabriella Di Giuseppe
2
1
Department of Medical, Human Movement and Wellbeing Sciences, University of Naples “Parthenope”, 80133 Naples, Italy
2
Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Luciano Armanni 5, 80138 Naples, Italy
3
Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Naples “Parthenope”, Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143 Naples, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Earth 2025, 6(2), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/earth6020059
Submission received: 11 March 2025 / Revised: 30 May 2025 / Accepted: 11 June 2025 / Published: 13 June 2025
Versions Notes

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to evaluate risk perception about climate change and the sustainable behaviors adopted by adults. Methods: An anonymous questionnaire was administered between February and April 2024 among parents of adolescents in southern Italy. Results: A total of 765 parents agreed to participate in the survey, and the average respondents’ age was 47.3 years (28–78). Overall, 67.6% of respondents were extremely concerned that heat waves will negatively affect future generations. This concern was higher among respondents aged 41–50 years and >50 years, males, those who did not need additional information about climate change, and those who had received information about climate change. Regarding climate change concerns, 25.9% and 52.1% of participants were very or extremely concerned about climate change, respectively. Males, those who had one child, respondents aged 41–50 years and >50 years, and those who did not need additional information about climate change were significantly more likely to have concerns about climate change. Moreover, 34.5% of respondents engaged in sustainable behaviors. Finally, those who believed that climate change will negatively affect future generations and those who were extremely concerned that heat waves will negatively affect future generations were significantly more likely to engage in behaviors that mitigate the impact of climate change than those who were not concerned. Conclusions: These findings highlight the need to plan and design interventions on this topic.

1. Introduction

Climate change represents a crucial and dominant global challenge with intense consequences for public health [1,2]. According to the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) “Sixth Assessment Report Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2023” [3], human activities have unequivocally caused global warming, with global surface temperatures having increased by 1.1 °C in 2011–2020 compared with temperatures in 1850–1900. Global greenhouse gas production has continued to increase due to untenable energy use, land use, lifestyle, consumption, and production patterns. These changes have appeared between regions, within countries, and even among individuals.
Human-caused climate change is already causing many extreme weather and climate events in every region of the world, thus leading to general negative impacts and related losses and damages to the environment and people, with susceptible communities that have traditionally contributed the least to current climate change being extremely affected. Climate change also has a serious impact on Europe and Italy, being located in the center of the Mediterranean Region, and affects not only the economy and the environment but also the health and well-being of citizens. In recent decades, we have observed an increase in the intensity and frequency of extreme natural events associated with climate change [4,5,6]. Some studies and research indicate that in Italy, which, based on its location, is one of the areas that will be most affected by the impact of climate change in the future, the already complex situation will escalate due to increases in the frequency and intensity of floods and landslides [7].
Perceptions of climate change have been studied in the literature, and various national and international perception investigations have been conducted in recent years [8,9,10]. Moreover, several studies have explored the effect of socioeconomic status on attitudes toward climate change. Some studies suggest that individuals with higher incomes have better attitudes toward climate change [11,12] and that unemployment rates are not a determinant of awareness and perceived human cause of climate change [13]. Although most scientists see climate change as a threat to life on Earth [14], understanding the perceptions of the population, in particular, parents, becomes important, as children and adolescents are at a higher risk of the negative outcomes from climate change, such as respiratory diseases, food shortage, and trauma from extreme weather events [15,16]. Several studies have shown a link between climate change perception and sustainable behaviors in different settings [17,18].
Recently, a multidimensional approach was implemented that divided the factors affecting climate change response behavior into personal, social, and situational factors. Personal factors, such as values, beliefs, and norms, provide internal motivation; social factors provide external motivation through subjective norms or social influence; and situational factors promote behavior through risk perception [19]. Although climate change has profoundly altered human society and the Earth’s environment, the perception of the impact of climate change and heat waves in southern Italy has not yet been investigated.
Therefore, to fill this gap, this study aimed to evaluate risk perception about climate change among Italian parents and the determinants of behaviors that mitigate the impact of climate change. Exploring this theme would benefit the understanding of factors influencing sustainable behaviors.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Setting and Participants

This cross-sectional study was part of a larger project about lifestyle and perception of climate change in different populations. The survey was performed between February and April 2024 in a sample of adults recruited among parents of students in the geographical area of Naples and Avellino, two towns located in the Campania region, southern Italy. A three-stage sampling design was conceived. Four middle and five high schools were randomly selected from a list of the seventy-eight regional public schools, and in each school, classes were randomly chosen. All parents of students attending the selected classes participated in the survey.
The minimum sample size was determined with the assumption that 50% of the parents are concerned about climate change, presuming a 95% confidence level, a margin of error of 5%, and a 65% response rate. Therefore, the minimum total sample size to acquire a representative sample of the population was estimated to be at least 591 individuals. The study protocol was authorized by the Ethical Committee of the University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli” (prot. N.0018199/i/2024).

2.2. Data Collection

Before starting the survey, the head teachers of each selected school were contacted to organize an informative meeting, during which they received a letter outlining the project aims and methods for data collection. After their approval, a member of the research team went to each selected class and gave the adolescents an envelope with a cover letter explaining the aims of the study, how to take the survey, and how the data would be analyzed and aggregated to protect anonymity and privacy; an informed consent form; and the questionnaire. The students were asked to take the envelope home, to give it to a parent, and to return it to the school within 7–10 days with both the completed questionnaire enclosed in the same envelope and the signed informed consent form. After ten days, again with permission from the school’s head teacher, a member of the team returned to the classes to collect the questionnaires in the closed envelopes. The participation consent forms were archived separately from other data. No fees or contributions were given to the respondents.

2.3. Questionnaire

To collect information about attitudes and behaviors related to climate change, an ad hoc questionnaire based on previous studies was developed [10,20,21,22]. The survey methodology was chosen to provide immediate responses, to investigate different outcomes with a single tool, and to minimize the research costs. The structured questionnaire contained four sections with closed-answer options. The first gathered socio-demographic characteristics (such as age, gender, educational level, occupational status, number of cohabitants, and number of children) and anamnestic characteristics (such as presence of chronic disease). The second section was about participants’ attitudes toward climate change and included five questions with five-point Likert-type scale closed answers (not at all = 1; a little = 2; somewhat = 3; a lot = 4; and extremely = 5). The five questions explored how much participants were worried about climate change; how much they believed that heat waves would have negative effects on future generations; and how much they believed climate change would negatively affect them personally, the Italian population, and future generations. The third section was composed of seven questions, with five-point Likert-type scale closed answers (never = 1; rarely = 2; sometimes = 3; often = 4; and always = 5), investigating the following behaviors that mitigate the impact of climate change: talking with family about what to do about environmental problems, turning off the lights at home when they are not in use, asking family to recycle used objects, researching actions to take in response to environmental problems, asking family to turn off the water when not in use, closing the refrigerator door while deciding what to take out of it, and recycling at home. The fourth section explored participants’ sources of information, including those proposed above, and the need for further information on climate change.
A pilot study was conducted among 50 individuals to check the clarity, content validity, and feasibility of the questionnaire. Since no changes were needed, the answers from the pilot study were included in the final analysis.

2.4. Statistical Analysis

All analyses were carried out with the Stata software, version 17 [23]. First, descriptive statistics, including relative frequency for categorical variables and mean and standard deviation for continuous variables, were produced to summarize the main characteristics of the sample. Second, univariate analyses were performed using a chi-square test, a t-test, and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) to evaluate the association between several potential determinants and the following outcomes of interest: believing that heat waves will negatively affect future generations (categorical) (not at all/a little/somewhat = 0; a lot = 1; extremely = 2) (Model 1); being concerned about climate change (categorical) (not at all/a little/somewhat = 0; a lot = 1; extremely = 2); (Model 2); believing that climate change will negatively affect future generations, them personally, and the Italian population (dichotomous) (not at all/a little/somewhat/a lot = 0; extremely = 1) (Model 3); and engaging in behaviors that mitigate the impact of climate change (turning off the lights at home when they are not in use, closing the refrigerator door while deciding what to take out of it, and recycling at home) (dichotomous) (never/rarely/sometimes/often = 0; always = 1) (Model 4). All independent variables considered as potential determinants of the four outcomes of interest were included in the multivariate ordered logistic and logistic regression models built to describe factors associated with the outcomes of interest. In all the models, the following independent variables were included: gender (male = 0, female = 1), age (≤40 = 0; 41–50 = 1; >50 = 2), marital status (unmarried/separated/divorced/widowed = 0; married/cohabiting = 1), number of cohabitants (continuous), educational level (high school = 0; university degree/master’s degree/doctoral degree = 1), occupation (unemployed = 0; employed = 1), number of children (one = 0; more than one = 1), source of information (none = 0; physicians = 1; media/journals/internet/social media = 2; school/university/job/friends/relatives = 3), and need for additional information about climate change (no = 0; yes = 1). The following variables were also included in Model 4: believing that heat waves will negatively affect future generations (categorical) (not at all/a little/somewhat = 0; a lot = 1; extremely = 2); being concerned about climate change (categorical) (not at all/a little/somewhat = 0; a lot = 1; extremely = 2); and believing that climate change will negatively affect future generations, them personally, and the Italian population (dichotomous) (not at all/a little/somewhat/a lot = 0; extremely = 1). The results are presented as β coefficients, odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A value of p ≤ 0.05 was judged to be statistically significant, and all reported values are two-tailed.

3. Results

Of the 1111 randomly selected parents, 765 returned the questionnaire, for an overall response rate of 68.9%. The reliability of the questionnaire’s internal consistency, assessed using Cronbach’s α, was 0.86. Table 1 summarizes the socio-demographic and anamnestic characteristics of the target population. More than two-thirds (78.3%) were females, the average age was 47.3 years (28–78), 89% were married or cohabited with a partner, 48.2% had university qualifications, and 79.5% were employed. With regard to anamnestic characteristics, only 16.8% had at least one chronic disease, and 14.5% had a family member with chronic disease.

3.1. Attitudes About Climate Change

Table 2 presents the results based on responses to the items on the climate concern scale. In particular, concerns regarding how much they believed climate change would negatively affect them personally, the Italian population, and future generations, measured on a 5-point Likert-type scale, resulted in means of 3.9, 4.2, and 4.6, respectively. Overall, 67.6% of respondents were extremely concerned that heat waves will negatively affect future generations, with a median value of 4.5.
The results of the multivariate regression model showed that respondents aged 41–50 years and >50 years, males, those who reported they did not need additional information about climate change, and those who have received information from others were concerned that heat waves will negatively affect future generations (Model 1 in Table 3. More than three-quarters of the sample were very (25.9%) or extremely (52.1%) concerned about climate change. The results of the multivariate ordered logistic regression model showed that five independent predictors were significantly associated with concern about climate change. Males, those who had one child, respondents aged 41–50 years and >50 years, and those who reported they did not need additional information about climate change were significantly more likely to be concerned about climate change (Model 2 in Table 3). Moreover, 32.1% of respondents believed that climate change will extremely negatively affect future generations, them personally, and the Italian population. The results of the multivariate logistic regression model showed that females (OR = 1.89; 95% CI = 1.19–3.01), those who received information from schools/universities/their job/friends/relatives (OR = 3.81; 95% CI = 1.08–13.48), compared with those who did not receive any information and those who reported that they needed additional information about climate change (OR = 1.54; 95% CI = 1.11–2.15), were significantly more likely to believe that climate change will negatively affect future generations, them personally, and the Italian population (Model 3 in Table 3).

3.2. Behaviors About Climate Change

Details of the participants’ climate change-related behavior are shown in Table 4. Overall, respondents engaged in climate-friendly behaviors. Indeed, with values ranging from 5.6% to 71.8%, they talked with their families about what to do about environmental problems, asked their family to recycle used objects, researched actions to take in the response to environmental problems, and asked their family to turn off the water when not in use.
Moreover, 34.5% of respondents engaged in behaviors that mitigate the impact of climate change (turning off the lights at home when they are not in use, closing the refrigerator door while deciding what to take out of it, and recycling at home). The results of the multivariate logistic regression model showed that those who believed that climate change will negatively affect future generations, them personally, and the Italian population (OR = 1.67; 95% CI = 1.14–2.44) and those who were extremely concerned that heat waves will negatively affect future generations (OR = 2.98; 95% CI = 1.48–6.03), compared with those were not concerned, were significantly more likely to engage in behaviors to mitigate climate change (Model 4 in Table 3).

3.3. Sources of Information

Almost all respondents (95.8%) had received information about climate change, and the most common sources of information were media/journals/internet/social media (68.3%). Finally, 52.3% of participants acknowledged that they needed additional information about climate change.

4. Discussion

The results of this survey show high concern about climate change and its possible effects in the majority of the examined sample. In particular, more than three-quarters of the respondents were very or extremely worried about the effects that climate change and heat waves will have on future generations. This finding is in line with that from the analysis performed by Poortinga et al. across the general populations of 22 European countries [10]. In comparison with other studies focused on parents’ awareness, our results are in line with those from the study by Heffernan et al., which assessed parental concern about climate change in a major US city such as Chicago [11]. In contrast, the study performed by Bhamani et al. in Pakistan showed a generally low belief in climate change and a low intention to change behaviors [12].
Perception is a completely individual evaluation of a construct or feeling, influenced by things that are relevant to the individual: their being, any influence obtained during personal development, and the environment in which the perception is built upon [24]. Therefore, the perception of a potential risk diverges for different people, and this justifies why, after a disaster, victims often report different accounts of the same event [25]. Perceptions, feelings, or beliefs based on socioeconomic, political, and cultural elements can lead to the adoption or avoidance of a particular behavior [26]. Risk awareness involves improving the population’s understanding of what the risks are, their potential impact on daily lives, and how they can be managed [27].
Populations with better knowledge about the causes and significance of climate change will be more likely to adopt strategies to fight it since they are aware that it poses a risk to their future [28,29]. Thus, responsive citizens are fundamental in opposing global warming. Therefore, surveying the populations on this topic becomes an important tool for understanding their current level of knowledge [30].
In our study, the regression analysis showed that gender, age, and having received information from different sources were found to be related to climate concern. In particular, it appears that fathers were more worried about climate change in general and about the effects of heat waves on future generations, and this may be related to their experience; in fact, men tend to have a higher risk of heat-related diseases than women because they are more likely to work in outdoor activities such as construction, which could increase their awareness of such phenomena as well as their concerns [31]. Instead, mothers were more worried about the effects of climate change on themselves, the Italian population, and future generations. This aligns with previous studies explaining that, due to gender socialization, women are more concerned than men about local environmental problems posing significant health and safety risks for their communities [32,33]. Moreover, women are overrepresented in the sample of this study, which is in line with the statistics from previous studies, where mothers are more involved in parental surveys [12,34]. Furthermore, younger parents seemed to be more worried than others about climate change and the effects of heat waves on future generations. These associations with sociodemographic features are completely consistent with those from previous studies. Indeed, some studies performed in the general population showed a higher perception of climate change among younger generations [10,35]. Young people are highly concerned about the future in relation to the climate and environment [36], which is why younger generations demonstrate higher levels of activism and engagement with the issue. No associations were found with educational level, which is in agreement with the findings from previous research showing inconsistent results for the effects of education on perceived risk of climate change [13]. Heffernan et al. found that greater concern is associated with non-white ethnicity and high or low educational level but not with age and gender [11]. Instead, Bhamani et al. found greater belief in climate change among males, undergraduates, and high-income participants [12]. The reasons for these inconsistencies could be found in the different socio-cultural characteristics of the examined populations, together with their different levels of exposure to climate change phenomena. Age represents an important determinant of the variability in environmental apprehensions. In this study, having media, friends, and relatives as sources of information about climate change was related to greater concern about the effects of climate change and heat waves. This finding is in line with an investigation performed in a sample of Italian undergraduates, who reported electronic and traditional media, and subsequently family, friends, and colleagues, as their main sources of information about climate change [37]. In the same study, attention paid to information about climate change was positively related to climate anxiety, a psychological disorder that can be associated with symptoms such as panic attacks, irritability, and sleep disturbance. These findings may help to identify communication channels that could be more effective in spreading correct information about climate change.
Moreover, in our sample, greater concern regarding climate change, heat waves, and their consequences was associated with a declared need for more information. This finding could indicate that a higher sensitivity toward these phenomena correspond to a desire to know more about them in depth and maybe to play an active pro-environment role.
In line with this, the regression analysis showed an association between the adoption of behaviors that mitigate the impact of climate change, reported by more than 70% of respondents, and worrying about the effects of climate change or heat waves. In contrast with these findings, the study by Bhamani et al. reported generally low intentions to invest time in solving environmental issues, especially among females, undergraduates, and high-income Pakistani parents [12]. However, our results are in line with those obtained by Skeirytė et al. for European countries, which revealed that climate change perception positively and significantly influences the examined pro-environment actions [35]. Public understanding and engagement are crucial in effective climate change communication. Indeed, beyond communicating the science of climate change, attention should be focused on health, socioeconomic impacts, and the importance of collective action. According to Moser [38], effective communication should be tailored to the audience, addressing their values and concerns to motivate action.
Adaptation plans must be informed by clear communication strategies that engage stakeholders at different levels. As highlighted by Adger et al. [39], adaptation for climate change impacts is and has been taking place worldwide, and will become more pronounced in the future, integrating scientific knowledge with local knowledge to ensure that plans are contextually relevant. Italy also has an adaptation plan that identifies actions to minimize the risks arising from climate change; to protect the health and well-being of the population; to preserve the natural heritage; to maintain or improve the resilience and adaptation capacity of natural, social, and economic systems; and to take advantage of any opportunities that come with these new climatic conditions [40].
Finally, promoting sustainable behaviors, such as turning off the lights at home when they are not in use, closing the refrigerator door while deciding what to take out of it, and recycling at home, is a crucial component of both climate communication and adaptation strategies. Research by Gifford [41] suggests that understanding the psychological barriers that hinder sustainable behaviors can help in improving effective interventions. Furthermore, social norms play a significant role in influencing behavior; thus, promoting community initiatives could create a supportive environment for sustainable practices [42].
This study has some limitations that are important to bring to light for a better understanding of the results. First, our study used a cross-sectional design and, therefore, does not allow for cause–effect associations to be made because several characteristics and outcomes are simultaneously evaluated. Second, only one parent participated in the survey, with the majority being women, a finding common in the literature involving parents since women are more frequently involved in their children’s care due to the gender gap in childcare [34]. Third, socioeconomic patterns were not explored, and thus, our sample might not be completely representative of the Italian population. Fourth, the perception of risk and behaviors of the participants may differ from those of people who did not respond, and those with an interest in climate change might have preferentially completed the survey. The overall response rate of 68.9% was reasonable for a survey that involved parents and is in line with that of other surveys using a similar methodology. Finally, since this study was limited to parents of adolescents in randomly selected schools, the answers may not be completely representative of the general population in Italy.

5. Conclusions

To the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to assess the awareness of climate change among parents from southern Italy. Considering the role that these individuals play in determining environmental consciousness and actions, determining the information needs of parents can help governments and health authorities to empower parents in their educational role in order to help develop the new generations’ ability to face the challenges from climate change.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, F.G., C.P.P., and G.D.G.; methodology, F.G., C.P.P., and G.D.G.; formal analysis, F.G., G.P., V.S., V.D.O., C.P.P., and G.D.G.; investigation, G.P. and V.S.; data curation, G.P. and V.S.; writing—original draft preparation, F.G., G.P., V.S., V.D.O., C.P.P., and G.D.G.; writing—review and editing, G.D.G.; supervision, G.D.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

University of Naples “Parthenope”. Local Research Project 2023, “A multidisciplinary approach to the study of the relationship between heat waves and population’s health” CUP: I43C23000160005.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Teaching Hospital of the University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli” (prot. N.0018199/i/2024).

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

Acknowledgments

The Authors gratefully acknowledge all the study participants as well as the staff of the schools involved for their helpful assistance and collaboration. Preliminary results have been presented at the “XXXII Congresso Interregionale Siculo- Calabro” of the Italian Public Health Association (SItI), Enna, 23–25 May 2024.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Table 1. Results of univariate analysis exploring the characteristics associated with the four outcomes of interest in the study population.
Table 1. Results of univariate analysis exploring the characteristics associated with the four outcomes of interest in the study population.
CharacteristicsTotal
(n. 765)		Being Concerned About Climate ChangeBelieving That Heat Waves Will Negatively Affect Future GenerationsBelieving That Climate Change Will Negatively Affect Future Generations, Them Personally and Italian PopulationAssuming Behaviours Which Mitigate the Impact of Climate Change
Not at All/a Little/Somewhat
(N: 16,621.9%)		A Lot
(N: 19,625.9%)		Extremely
(N: 39,452.1%)		Not at All/a Little/Somewhat
(N: 10,213.5%)		A Lot
(N: 14,318.9%)		Extremely
(N: 51,167.6%)		Not at All/a Little/Somewhat/a Lot
(N: 51,467.9%)		Extremely
(N: 24,332.1%)		Never/Rarely/Sometimes/Often
(N: 49,665.5%)		Always
(N: 26,134.5%)
Socio-DemographicN%N (%)N (%)N (%)N (%)N (%)N (%)N (%)N (%)N (%)N (%)
Gender (760) *
Male16521.736 (21.9)56 (28.6)71 (18.1)28 (27.7)41 (28.7)94 (18.5)125 (24.4)38 (15.7)117 (23.7)46 (17.7)
Female59578.3128 (78.1)140 (71.4)321 (81.9)73 (72.3)102 (71.3)414 (81.5)387 (75.6)203 (84.3)376 (76.3)214 (82.3)
x2 = 8.43, df = 2, p = 0.015x2 = 9.31, df = 2, p = 0.010x2 = 7.22, df = 1, p = 0.007x2 = 3.66, df = 1, p = 0.056
Age (in years)47.3 ± 5.6 (28–78) aANOVA-test (742) = 0.061, p = 0.128ANOVA-test (742) = 0.052, p = 0.372t-test (743) = 0.118, p = 0.906t-test (743) = 0.057, p = 0.954
≤40739.823 (14.2)18 (9.2)32 (8.3)18 (18.4)14 (10)40 (7.9)53 (10.5)20 (8.3)47 (9.7)26 (10)
41–5047263.198 (60.5)130 (66.7)240 (62.3)53 (54.1)90(64.3)326 (64.7)315 (62.6)154 (64.2)309 (63.9)160 (61.5)
>5020327.141 (25.3)47 (24.1)113 (29.4)27 (27.5)36 (25.7)138 (27.4)135 (26.8)66(27.5)127 (26.3)74 (28.5)
x2 = 6.28, df = 4, p = 0.179x2 = 10.83, df = 4, p = 0.029x2 = 0.89, df = 2, p = 0.641x2 = 0.47, df = 2, p = 0.793
Marital status (754) *
Unmarried/widowed /divorced831123 (13.9)18 (9.2)40 (10.4)16 (15.8)13 (9.3)53 (10.5)54 (10.6)28 (11.7)55 (11.3)27 (10.4)
Married/cohabitant67189142 (86.1)177 (90.8)346 (89.6)85 (84.2)127 (90.7)452 (89.5)454 (89.4)211 (88.3)433 (88.7)232 (89.6)
x2 = 2.25, df = 2, p = 0.325x2 = 2.97, df = 2, p = 0.226x2 = 0.19, df = 1, p = 0.658x2 = 0.13, df = 1, p = 0.725
Educational level (751) *
High school38951.899 (60.4)81 (41.2)204 (52.6)59 (58.4)70 (49.6)255 (50.8)265 (52.5)120 (50)250 (51.3)135 (52.3)
University degree/master/doctoral36248.265 (39.6)111 (57.8)184 (47.4)42 (41.6)71 (50.4)247 (49.2)240 (47.5)120 (50)237 (48.7)123 (47.7)
x2 = 12.01, df = 2, p = 0.002x2 = 2.22, df = 2, p = 0.329x2 = 0.39, df = 1, p = 0.528x2 = 0.07, df = 1, p = 0.797
Occupation (742) *
Unemployed15220.541 (25.6)29 (14.9)81 (21.2)24 (24.5)24 (17.3)104 (20.8)97 (19.4)55 (23.1)95 (19.7)57 (22.4)
Employed59079.5119 (74.4)165 (85.1)301 (78.8)74 (75.5)115 (82.7)395 (79.2)402 (80.6)183 (76.9)387 (80.3)195 (77.7)
x2 = 6.36, df = 2, p = 0.042x2 = 1.86, df = 2, p = 0.394x2 = 1.33, df = 1, p = 0.250x2 = 0.71, df = 1, p = 0.399
Anamnestic
Chronic disease (748) *
No62283.2137 (84.1)159 (81.9)321 (83.4)88 (88)123 (89.1)405 (80.5)426 (84.9)191 (79.6)404 (83.3)213 (82.8)
At least one12616.826 (15.9)35 (18.1)64 (16.6)12 (12)15 (10.9)98 (19.5)76 (15.1)49 (20.4)81 (16.7)44 (17.1)
x2 = 0.3, df = 2, p = 0.859x2 = 7.68, df = 2, p = 0.021x2 = 3.23, df = 1, p = 0.072x2 = 0.02, df = 1, p = 0.844
Familiar with chronic disease (724) *
No61985.5136 (86.6)163 (86.2)316 (84.7)89 (91.7)116 (86.6)410 (84)420 (86.1)196 (84.5)391 (83.5)225 (89.3)
At least one10514.521 (13.4)26 (13.8)57 (15.3)8 (8.3)18 (13.4)78 (16)68 (13.9)36 (15.5)77 (16.5)27 (10.7)
x2 = 0.43, df = 2, p = 0.807x2 = 4.16, df = 2, p = 0.132x2 = 0.32, df = 1, p = 0.572x2 = 4.37, df = 1, p = 0.037
Number of cohabitants (751) *2.9 ± 0.9 (1–7) aANOVA-test (745) = 0.011, p = 0.252ANOVA-test (745) = 0.009, p = 0.389t-test (746) = 0.034, p = 0.973t-test (746) = −0.449, p = 0.618
Number of children (761) *
One16121.226 (15.8)39 (19.9)93 (23.6)22 (24.6)25 (17.6)111 (21.8)101 (19.7)57 (23.5)107 (21.6)51 (19.6)
More than one60078.8139 (84.2)157 (80.1)300 (76.3)80 (78.4)117 (82.4)399 (78.2)412 (80.3)185 (76.5)388 (78.4)209 (80.4)
x2 = 4.56, df = 2, p = 0.102x2 = 1.19, df = 2, p = 0.552x2 = 1.49, df = 1, p = 0.223x2 = 0.32, df = 1, p = 0.572
Sources of information
Sources of information (740) *
None101.45 (3.1)1 (0.5)4 (1)5 (5.1)1 (0.7)4 (0.8)25 (4.9)2 (0.8)21 (4.2)6(2.3)
Physicians 121.62 (1.2)2 (1)8 (2.1)3 (3.1)1 (0.7)8 (1.6)10 (1.9)2 (0.8)10 (2)2(0.8)
Media/journals/internet/social media50868.3117 (72.8)129 (67.9)259 (66.6)70 (71.4)99 (72.3)336 (66.7)347 (67.5)158 (65)333 (67.1)172(65.9)
School/university/job/friends/relatives21327.537 (22.9)58 (30.6)118 (30.3)20 (20.4)36 (26.3)156 (30.9)132 (25.7)81 (33.3)132 (26.6)81(31)
x2 = 8.93, df = 6, p = 0.177x2 = 17.8, df = 6, p = 0.007x2 = 12.5, df = 3, p = 0.006x2 = 4.71, df = 3, p = 0.194
Need for additional information on climate change (730) *
No34847.7100 (62.9)84 (44.4)162 (42.6)58 (59.8)69 (50.4)218 (44.2)252 (51.3)94 (39.6)230 (48.2)116 (45.9)
Yes38252.359 (37.1)105 (55.6)218 (57.4)39 (40.2)68 (49.6)275 (55.8)239 (48.7)143 (60.3)245 (51.6)137 (54.1)
x2 = 19.43, df = 2, p < 0.001x2 = 8.46, df = 2, p = 0.015x2 = 8.71, df = 1, p = 0.003x2 = 0.44, df = 1, p = 0.508
a Mean ± Standard Deviation (Range). * Number for each item may not add up to the total number of the study population due to missing values.
Table 2. Items assessing climate concern scale (total n. 765).
Table 2. Items assessing climate concern scale (total n. 765).
Items * Not at AllA LittleModeratelyVeryExtremely
Mean ± SDN (%)N (%)N (%)N (%)N (%)
How worried are you about climate change (756) a4.2 ± 0.916 (2.1)18 (2.4)132 (17.5)196 (25.9)394 (52.1)
How much do you think heat waves will negatively affect future generations (756) a4.5 ± 0.914 (1.9)10 (1.3)78 (10.3)143 (18.9)511 (67.6)
How much do you think climate change will negatively affect you personally (755) a3.9 ± 1.022 (2.0)36 (4.8)162 (21.5)261 (34.6)274 (26.3)
How much do you think climate change will negatively affect the Italian population (754) a4.2 ± 0.913 (1.7)27 (3.6)129 (17.1)228 (30.2)357 (47.4)
How much do you think climate change will negatively affect future generations (755) a4.6 ± 0.811 (1.5)9 (1.2)61 (8.1)137 (18.2)537 (71.1)
* Each item is associated with a 5-point Likert scale ranging from (1) not at all to (5) extremely. a Number for each item may not add up to the total number of the study population due to missing values. SD = Standard deviation.
Table 3. Multivariate ordered logistic and logistic regression models to identify those predicting the outcomes of interest.
Table 3. Multivariate ordered logistic and logistic regression models to identify those predicting the outcomes of interest.
° Model 1. Believing that heat waves will negatively affect future generations
Log likelihood = −549.96; χ2 = 27.28 (7 df), p = 0.0003, Pseudo R2 = 0.0242, No. obs = 676
VariableCoeff95% CIp
Gender
Male1 a
Female0.580.18–0.970.004
Age group, (years)
≤401 a
41–500.710.18–1.240.008
>500.720.13–1.310.017
Sources of information
None1 a
Physicians0.84−0.81–2.490.322
Media/journals/internet/social media1.120.39–2.260.043
School/university/job/friends/relatives1.410.27–2.560.015
Need for additional information about climate change
No1 a
Yes0.340.01–0.660.043
* Model 2. Being concerned about climate change
Log likelihood = −673.49, χ2 = 30.46 (9 df), p = 0.0004, Pseudo R2 = 0.0221, No. obs = 677
VariableCoeff95% CIp
Gender
Male1 a
Female0.460.99–0.820.013
Age group, (years)
≤401 a
41–500.550.62–1.040.027
>500.740.19–1.290.009
Number of children
One1 a
More than one−0.40−0.77–−0.040.031
Need for additional information about climate change
No1 a
Yes0.460.16–0.750.002
Marital status
Unmarried/separated/divorced/widowed1 a
Married/cohabiting0.25−0.24–0.740.309
Sources of information
None1 a
Physicians1.43−0.26–3.120.097
Media/journals/internet/social media0.55−0.50–1.610.306
School/university/job/friends/relatives0.77−0.31–1.850.162
# Model 3. Believing that climate change will negatively affect future generations, them personally and Italian population
Log likelihood = −415.91, χ2 = 27.69 (8 df), p = 0.0005, Pseudo R2 = 0.0322, No. obs = 677
VariableOR95% CIp
Gender
Male 1 a
Female1.891.19–3.010.007
Sources of information
None1 a
PhysiciansBackward elimination
Media/journals/internet/social media2.850.82–9.890.099
School/university/job/friends/relatives3.811.08–13.480.038
Need for additional information about climate change
No1 a
Yes1.541.11–2.150.011
Age group, (years)
≤401 a
41–501.510.84–2.700.165
>501.530.80–2.910.198
Occupation
Employed1 a
Unemployed0.750.49–1.130.166
Number of children
At least one1 a
More than one0.790.02–0.350.268
+ Model 4. Engaging in behaviors that mitigate the impact of climate change
Log likelihood = −405.09, χ2 = 63.30 (8 df), p < 0.001, Pseudo R2 = 0.0788, No. obs = 676
VariableOR95% CIp
Believing that climate change will negatively affect future generations, them personally and Italian population
Not at all/a little/ somewhat/a lot1 a
Extremely1.671.14–2.440.009
Believing that heat waves will negatively affect future generations
Not at all/a little/somewhat1 a
A lot1.410.65–3.070.387
Extremely2.981.48–6.030.002
Age group, (years)
≤401 a
41–500.790.07–1.850.230
>50Backward elimination
Number of children
One1 a
More than one1.270.08–0.350.253
Being concerned about climate change
Not at all/a little/somewhat1 a
A lot0.740.42–1.310.305
Extremely1.350.79–2.290.276
a Reference category. ° The following variables were deleted by the backward elimination procedure: educational level, number of children, occupation, marital status, and number of cohabitants. * The following variables were deleted by the backward elimination procedure: occupation, educational level, and number of cohabitants. # The following variables were deleted by the backward elimination procedure: educational level, marital status, and number of cohabitants. + The following variables were deleted by the backward elimination procedure: gender, occupation, marital status, educational level, number of cohabitants, and need for additional information about climate change.
Table 4. Items assessing behaviors that mitigate the impact of climate change scale (total n. 765).
Table 4. Items assessing behaviors that mitigate the impact of climate change scale (total n. 765).
Items * NeverRarelySometimesOftenAlways
Mean ± SDN (%)N (%)N(%)N (%)N (%)
Talk with my friends about how to do something about environmental problems (756) a2.8 ± 1.1110 (15.5)149 (19.7)326 (43.1)121 (16)50 (6.6)
Turn off the lights at home when they are not in use (756) a4.6 ± 0.817 (2.3)16 (2.1)34 (4.5)98 (12.9)591 (78.2)
Ask my family to recycle some of the used things (756) a4.2 ± 1.126 (3.4)27 (3.6)109 (14.4)181 (23.9)413 (54.6)
Research things that I can do about environmental problems (755) a2.6 ± 1.1152 (20.1)178 (23.6)284 (37.6)99 (13.1)42 (5.6)
Ask the people in my family to turn off the water when it is not in use (755) a4.5 ± 0.923 (3.1)22 (2.9)62 (8.2)106 (14)542 (71.8)
Close the refrigerator door while I decide what to take out of it (755) a4.3 ± 1.129 (3.8)36 (4.7)86 (11.4)151 (20)453 (60)
Recycle at home (749) a4.1 ± 1.129 (3.9)26 (3.5)137 (18.3)195 (26)362 (48.3)
* Each item associated with a 5-point Likert scale ranging from (1) never to (5) always. a Number for each item may not add up to the total number of the study population due to missing values. SD = Standard deviation.
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Gallè, F.; Paduano, G.; Sansone, V.; Di Onofrio, V.; Pelullo, C.P.; Di Giuseppe, G. Climate Change Perception and Sustainable Behaviors: A Cross-Sectional Study in Southern Italy. Earth 2025, 6, 59. https://doi.org/10.3390/earth6020059

AMA Style

Gallè F, Paduano G, Sansone V, Di Onofrio V, Pelullo CP, Di Giuseppe G. Climate Change Perception and Sustainable Behaviors: A Cross-Sectional Study in Southern Italy. Earth. 2025; 6(2):59. https://doi.org/10.3390/earth6020059

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gallè, Francesca, Giovanna Paduano, Vincenza Sansone, Valeria Di Onofrio, Concetta Paola Pelullo, and Gabriella Di Giuseppe. 2025. "Climate Change Perception and Sustainable Behaviors: A Cross-Sectional Study in Southern Italy" Earth 6, no. 2: 59. https://doi.org/10.3390/earth6020059

APA Style

Gallè, F., Paduano, G., Sansone, V., Di Onofrio, V., Pelullo, C. P., & Di Giuseppe, G. (2025). Climate Change Perception and Sustainable Behaviors: A Cross-Sectional Study in Southern Italy. Earth, 6(2), 59. https://doi.org/10.3390/earth6020059

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